wip

.drone.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ steps:
     privileged: true
     image: node:latest
     commands:
+      - rm -rf ./node_modules
       - npm install
       - npm run build
       - cp -r ./build/* /dazzle/

articles/the-graphics-pipeline/index.mdx

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-# The Graphics Pipeline
-Ever wondered how games put all that gore on your display? Well you're about to find out!
-
-At the heart of rendering, is the "Graphics Pipeline". And like any pipeline, it's comprised 
-of several "stages", each of which can be a pipeline in itself or even parallelized.
-Each stage takes some input data (and configuration), to generate some output for the next stage. 
-
-We can coarsely divide the entire pipeline into 4 stages:
-Application -> [Geometry Processing] -> Rasterization -> Pixel Processing
-The pipeline will then serve a "rendered image" to your pretty eyes using your display.
-
-But to avoid drowning you in overviews, let's jump right into the details of the "Geometry Processing"
-stage and have a recap afterwards to demystify our 4-stage division!
-
-# Vertices (points in space)
-In order to render a murder scene, we need to have a way of representing the deceased in computer memory.
-We only care about the "surface" since we won't be seeing the insides anyways--We don\'t want to either.
-At this stage, we only care about the "shape" or the "geometry" of the "surface",
-texturing, lighting and all the sweet gory details comes at a much later stage once all the "geometry" has been processed.
-
-There are several ways to "represent 3d objects" for a computer to understand.
-For instance, _NURB_(Non-uniform rational B-spline) surfaces are great for representing "curves"
-and it's all about the "high-precision" needed to do _CAD_(computer assisted design).
-We could also do "ray-tracing" using fancy equations for rendering photo-realistic images.
-
-These are all great--ignoring the fact that they would take "an eternity" to process.
-But what we need is a hardware-friendly approach that can do this for an entire scene with
-hundereds of thousands of objects for at least 60 times undr a second. What we need is "polygonal modeling".
-
-"Polygonal modeling" allows us to do "real-time rendering". The idea is that we only need an
-"approximation" of a surface to render it "realisticly-enough" for us to have some fun killing time!
-We can achieve this approximation using a collection of "triangles", "lines" and "dots" (primitives),
-which themselves are composed of a series of "vertices" (points in space).
-
-A "vertex" is simply a point in space.
-Once we get enough of these "points", we can conncet them to form "primitives" such as "triangles", "lines" and "dots".
-And once we have enough "primitives" together, they form a "model" or a "mesh" (that we need for our corpse).
-With some interesting models, we can compose a "scene".
-
-But let's not get ahead of ourselves. The primary type of "primitive" we care about during "polygonal modeling"
-is a "triangle". But why not squares or polygons with variable number of edges?
-
-# Why Triangles?
-"Always Planar":
-Triangles can never be __non-planar__(reside in more than 1 plane)! In Euclidean geometry, any 
-3 
-
-
-"Normal surface:"
-
-"Algorithm Simplicity:"
-
-"Predictable Winding Order:"
-
-# Primitive Topologies
-
-# Indices
-
-# Input Assembler
-
-# Coordinate System -- Local Space
-
-# Coordinate System -- World Space
-
-# Coordinate system -- View Space
-
-# Coordinate system -- Clip Space
-
-# Coordinate system -- Screen Space
-
-# Vertex Shader
-
-# Tessellation & Geometry Shaders
-
-# Rasterizer
-
-# Pixel Shader
-
-# Output Merger 
-
-# The Future
-
-# Conclusion
-
-# Sources
-[Tomas Akenine Moller - Real-Time Rendering 4th Edition](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intro.html)
-[LearnOpenGL - Hello Triangle](https://learnopengl.com/Getting-started/Hello-Triangle)
-[LearnOpenGL - Face Culling](https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-OpenGL/Face-culling)
-[Wikipedia - Polygonal Modeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling)
-[Wikipedia - Non-uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_rational_B-spline)
-[Wikipedia - Computer Aided Design (CAD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design)
-[Stackoverflow - Why do 3D engines primarily use triangles to draw surfaces?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100528/why-do-3d-engines-primarily-use-triangles-to-draw-surfaces)

mdsvex.config.js

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import math from 'remark-math';
+import rehype_katex from 'rehype-katex';
+import katex from 'katex';
+import visit from 'unist-util-visit';
+
+const correct_hast_tree = () => (tree) => {
+	visit(tree, 'text', (node) => {
+		if (node.value.trim().startsWith('<')) {
+			node.type = 'raw';
+		}
+	});
+};
+
+const katex_blocks = () => (tree) => {
+	visit(tree, 'code', (node) => {
+		if (node.lang === 'math') {
+			const str = katex.renderToString(node.value, {
+				displayMode: true,
+				leqno: false,
+				fleqn: false,
+				throwOnError: true,
+				errorColor: '#cc0000',
+				strict: 'warn',
+				output: 'htmlAndMathml',
+				trust: false,
+				macros: { '\\f': '#1f(#2)' }
+			});
+
+			node.type = 'raw';
+			node.value = '{@html `' + str + '`}';
+		}
+	});
+};
+
+export const mdsvex_config = {
+	extensions: ['.md', '.svx'],
+    layout: "./src/routes/articles/Layout.svelte",
+
+	smartypants: {
+		dashes: 'oldschool'
+	},
+
+	remarkPlugins: [math, katex_blocks],
+	rehypePlugins: [correct_hast_tree, rehype_katex]
+};

package.json

@@ -16,38 +16,51 @@
 		"test": "npm run test:unit -- --run"
 	},
 	"devDependencies": {
-		"@eslint/compat": "^1.2.5",
-		"@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+		"@eslint/compat": "^1.2.8",
+		"@eslint/js": "^9.25.1",
 		"@sveltejs/adapter-auto": "^6.0.0",
 		"@sveltejs/adapter-node": "^5.2.12",
 		"@sveltejs/adapter-static": "^3.0.8",
-		"@sveltejs/kit": "^2.16.0",
-		"@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte": "^5.0.0",
-		"@tailwindcss/forms": "^0.5.9",
-		"@tailwindcss/typography": "^0.5.15",
-		"@tailwindcss/vite": "^4.0.0",
+		"@sveltejs/kit": "^2.20.7",
+		"@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte": "^5.0.3",
+		"@tailwindcss/forms": "^0.5.10",
+		"@tailwindcss/typography": "^0.5.16",
+		"@tailwindcss/vite": "^4.1.4",
 		"@testing-library/jest-dom": "^6.6.3",
-		"@testing-library/svelte": "^5.2.4",
-		"eslint": "^9.18.0",
-		"eslint-config-prettier": "^10.0.1",
-		"eslint-plugin-svelte": "^3.0.0",
+		"@testing-library/svelte": "^5.2.7",
+		"eslint": "^9.25.1",
+		"eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.2",
+		"eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.2.6",
+		"eslint-plugin-svelte": "^3.5.1",
 		"globals": "^16.0.0",
-		"jsdom": "^26.0.0",
-		"mdsvex": "^0.12.3",
-		"prettier": "^3.4.2",
+		"jsdom": "^26.1.0",
+		"mdsvex": "^0.11.2",
+		"prettier": "^3.5.3",
 		"prettier-plugin-svelte": "^3.3.3",
 		"prettier-plugin-tailwindcss": "^0.6.11",
-		"svelte": "^5.0.0",
-		"svelte-check": "^4.0.0",
-		"tailwindcss": "^4.0.0",
-		"typescript": "^5.0.0",
-		"typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
-		"vite": "^6.2.5",
-		"vitest": "^3.0.0"
+		"rehype-mermaid": "^3.0.0",
+		"svelte": "^5.28.2",
+		"svelte-check": "^4.1.6",
+		"tailwindcss": "^4.1.4",
+		"typescript": "^5.8.3",
+		"typescript-eslint": "^8.31.0",
+		"vite": "^6.3.3",
+		"vitest": "^3.1.2"
 	},
 	"pnpm": {
 		"onlyBuiltDependencies": [
 			"esbuild"
 		]
+	},
+	"dependencies": {
+		"@lucide/svelte": "^0.509.0",
+		"katex": "^0.16.22",
+		"lucide": "^0.509.0",
+		"mermaid": "^11.6.0",
+		"playwright": "^1.52.0",
+		"rehype-katex": "^5.0.0",
+		"rehype-katex-svelte": "^1.2.0",
+		"remark-math": "2",
+		"unist-util-visit": "^2.0.3"
 	}
 }

src/app.css

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
-@import 'tailwindcss';
-@plugin '@tailwindcss/forms';
-@plugin '@tailwindcss/typography';
+body {
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 0;
+}
+
+* {
+	color: #ebdbb2;
+	font-family: 'Inter';
+	font-optical-sizing: auto;
+	font-weight: 400;
+	font-style: normal;
+}

src/app.html

@@ -3,6 +3,16 @@
 	<head>
 		<meta charset="utf-8" />
 		<link rel="icon" href="%sveltekit.assets%/favicon.png" />
+		<link
+			href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;600;700&display=swap"
+			rel="stylesheet"
+		/>
+		<link
+			rel="stylesheet"
+			href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.15.2/dist/katex.min.css"
+			integrity="sha384-MlJdn/WNKDGXveldHDdyRP1R4CTHr3FeuDNfhsLPYrq2t0UBkUdK2jyTnXPEK1NQ"
+			crossorigin="anonymous"
+		/>
 		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
 		%sveltekit.head%
 	</head>

src/routes/articles/Heading.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	import './article.css';
+	import HorizontalBreak from './HorizontalBreak.svelte';
+
+	export let title;
+	export let date;
+</script>
+
+<div class="heading">
+	<h1>{title}</h1>
+	<p>{date}</p>
+</div>
+<HorizontalBreak />
+
+<style>
+	.heading {
+		width: 100%;
+	}
+
+	.heading > h1 {
+		display: inline-block;
+	}
+
+	.heading > p {
+		float: right;
+		padding-left: auto;
+		padding-right: auto;
+		margin-left: auto;
+		margin-right: auto;
+	}
+</style>

src/routes/articles/HorizontalBreak.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+</script>
+
+<div class="horizontal_break"></div>
+
+<style>
+	.horizontal_break {
+		margin-top: 1em;
+		background-color: #928374;
+		height: 1px;
+	}
+</style>

src/routes/articles/Image.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	export let paths: string[] = [];
+	export let caption: string = '';
+</script>
+
+<div class="container">
+		{#each paths as path (path)}
+			<img src={path} alt="" />
+		{/each}
+</div>
+
+<style>
+	.container {
+        width: fit-content;
+        margin-right: auto;
+		padding: 1em;
+		/* Removed flex properties from here */
+        gap: 1em;
+	}
+
+</style>

src/routes/articles/Layout.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	import './article.css';
+	import Heading from './Heading.svelte';
+
+	export let title;
+	export let date;
+</script>
+
+<div class="container">
+	<div class="padding"></div>
+
+	<div class="body">
+		<Heading {title} {date} />
+		<slot></slot>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="padding"></div>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+	@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:ital,opsz,wght@0,14..32,100..900;1,14..32,100..900&display=swap');
+
+	.container {
+		background-color: #1d2021;
+		display: flex;
+	}
+
+	.body {
+		flex: 3;
+		padding: 1em;
+		background-color: #282828;
+
+		min-width: 80ch;
+		max-width: 80ch;
+		text-wrap-mode: wrap;
+		text-wrap-style: pretty;
+		text-align: justify;
+
+		border-left: 1px solid #92837420;
+		border-right: 1px solid #92837420;
+	}
+
+	.padding {
+		flex: 1;
+	}
+</style>

src/routes/articles/Note.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	import { Info, BookCopy, Eye, Network, Sigma, Image, Quote } from '@lucide/svelte';
+	let { title = '', type = 'info' } = $props();
+</script>
+
+<div class="note">
+	<div class="head">
+		<div class="icon">
+			{#if type == 'info'}
+				<Info />
+			{:else if type == 'image'}
+				<Image />
+			{:else if type == 'diagram'}
+				<Network />
+			{:else if type == 'quote'}
+				<Quote />
+			{:else if type == 'math'}
+				<Sigma />
+			{:else if type == 'review'}
+				<Eye />
+			{:else if type == 'resource'}
+				<BookCopy />
+			{/if}
+		</div>
+
+		{#if type == 'info'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#8ec07c"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'diagram'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'quote'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'image'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'math'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#fe8019"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'review'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#cc241d"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'resource'}
+			<div class="horiz_line" style:background-color="#458588"></div>
+		{/if}
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="content">
+		{#if type == 'info'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#8ec07c"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'diagram'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'quote'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'image'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#d3869b"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'math'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#fe8019"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'review'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#cc241d"></div>
+		{:else if type == 'resource'}
+			<div class="line" style:background-color="#458588"></div>
+		{/if}
+
+		<div class="slot">
+			{#if title != ''}
+				<p class="title">{title}</p>
+			{/if}
+			<slot />
+		</div>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+	@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Mono:ital,wght@0,100;0,200;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,100;1,200;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700&display=swap');
+
+	.title {
+	}
+
+	.note {
+		display: block;
+		margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+		border-radius: 2px;
+	}
+
+	.head {
+		display: flex;
+		flex-wrap: wrap;
+		width: 100%;
+		text-align: left;
+	}
+
+	.content {
+		display: flex;
+		margin-bottom: -1em;
+		padding: 0;
+		margin-right: auto;
+		margin-left: 0;
+	}
+
+	.line {
+		width: 0.1em;
+		margin-left: 0.85em;
+		margin-bottom: 1em;
+		margin-top: 0.5em;
+	}
+
+	.horiz_line {
+		height: 0.1em;
+		margin-left: 0.5em;
+
+		margin-top: 0.7em;
+		display: inline-block;
+		flex: 1;
+	}
+
+	.slot {
+		margin-left: 1em;
+		width: 100%;
+	}
+
+	.slot > p {
+		flex: 1;
+		font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;
+		display: inline-block;
+		margin: 0;
+		font-weight: bolder;
+	}
+
+	.icon {
+	}
+
+	.icon:first-child {
+	}
+</style>

src/routes/articles/Tip.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+	export let text;
+</script>
+
+<div class="tooltip">
+	{text}
+	<span class="tooltiptext"><slot /></span>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+	.tooltip {
+		position: relative;
+		display: inline-block;
+		
+        font-weight: 600;
+        font-style: italic;
+        color: #fabd2f;
+        border-bottom: 1px dotted  #fe8019;
+	}
+
+	/* Tooltip text */
+	.tooltip .tooltiptext {
+		visibility: hidden;
+
+		max-width: 60ch;
+		min-width: 60ch;
+		margin-left: -30ch; /* Use half of the width (120/2 = 60), to center the tooltip */
+        margin-top: .5em;
+
+		background-color: #282828ea;
+		text-wrap-mode: wrap;
+		text-align: justify;
+        padding: 1em;
+		border-radius: 6px;
+        border: 1px solid #fe8019;
+
+		top: 100%;
+		left: 50%;
+
+		/* Position the tooltip text - see examples below! */
+		position: absolute;
+		z-index: 1;
+	}
+
+	/* Show the tooltip text when you mouse over the tooltip container */
+	.tooltip:hover .tooltiptext {
+		visibility: visible;
+	}
+
+    .tooltip:hover {
+        color: #fe8019;
+    }
+</style>

src/routes/articles/article.css

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+* {
+	color: #ebdbb2;
+	font-family: 'Inter';
+	font-optical-sizing: auto;
+	font-weight: 400;
+	font-style: normal;
+}
+
+strong {
+	font-weight: 600;
+	font-style: italic;
+	color: #fabd2f;
+}
+
+strong:hover {
+	color: #fe8019;
+}
+
+h1 {
+	display: block;
+	font-size: 2em;
+	margin-top: 0em;
+	margin-bottom: 0em;
+	margin-left: 0;
+	margin-right: 0;
+	font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h2 {
+	display: block;
+	font-size: 1.5em;
+	margin-top: 0.83em;
+	margin-bottom: 0em;
+	margin-left: 0;
+	margin-right: 0;
+	font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a {
+	display: inline-block;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	color: #83a598;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+	color: #458588;
+}
+
+.katex {
+	width: max-content;
+	margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+.katex-display {
+    margin-top: 0;
+
+}

src/routes/articles/technical-debt/+page.svx

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: C++ Technical Debt
+date: "April 20 - 2025"
+---
+
+<script>
+import Paragraph from '../Paragraph.svelte';
+import HorizontalBreak from '../HorizontalBreak.svelte';
+</script>
+
+<HorizontalBreak/>
+
+<Paragraph>
+
+Have you ever had your project grow too messy that the idea of **total-rewrite** started haunting your
+dreams? In this article I'll teach you how to avoid that state forever :)
+</Paragraph>
+
+
+## Technical Debt
+
+<Paragraph>
+
+What causes such a state?
+</Paragraph>

src/routes/articles/the-graphics-pipeline/geometry-processing/+page.svx

@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+---
+title: The Graphics Pipeline ; Part 1
+date: "April 20 - 2025"
+---
+
+<script>
+import Image from "../../Image.svelte"
+import Note from "../../Note.svelte"
+import Tip from "../../Tip.svelte"
+</script>
+
+Ever wondered how games put all that gore on your display? All that beauty is brought into life by
+a process called **rendering**, and at the heart of it, is the **graphics pipeline**.
+
+In this article, we'll dive deeply into the intricate details of this powerful beast.
+Don't worry if things don't click right away---we’ll go over all the key terms and restate the important stuff to help it sink in.
+And hey, if you still have questions, feel free to reach out :)
+
+Initially, I tried cramming everything in **one article**, which hurt the **brevity** and the **structure**.
+The **graphics pipeline** is a beast---incredibly **complex** and constantly **evolving**.
+So I split it into a **4-part series**, which lets me go into sufficient depth.
+But why exactly **4-parts**?
+
+## Overview
+
+Like any pipeline, the **graphics pipeline** is made up of several **stages**, 
+each of which can be a mini-pipeline in itself or even parallelized.
+Each stage takes some input (data and configuration) to generate some output data for the next stage.
+
+<Note title="High level breakdown of the graphics pipeline", type="diagram">
+
+Application --> **Geometry Processing** --> Rasterization --> Pixel Processing --> Presentation
+</Note>
+
+Before the heavy rendering work starts on the <Tip text="GPU">Graphics Processing Unit</Tip>,
+we simulate and update the world through **systems** such as physics engine, game logic, networking, etc.
+all in the **application** stage.
+This stage is mostly ran on the <Tip text="CPU">Central Processing Unit</Tip>, 
+therefore it is extremely efficient on executing <Tip text="sequentially dependent logic">
+A type of execution flow where the operations depend on the results of previous steps, limiting parallel execution.
+In other words, **CPUs** are great at executing **branch-heavy** code, and **GPUs** are geared
+towards executing a TON of **branch-less** or **branch-light** code in parallel---Like executing some
+code for each pixel on your screen, there are a ton of pixels but they mostly do their own independent logic.  </Tip>.
+
+The updated scene data is then prepped and fed to the **GPU** for **geometry processing**. Here 
+we figure out where everything ends up on our screen by doing lots of fancy linear algebra.
+We'll cover this stage in depth very soon so don't panic (yet).
+
+Afterwards, the final geometric data are converted into <Tip text="pixels"> Pixel is the shorthand for **picture-element**, Voxel is the shorthand for **volumetric-element**. </Tip>
+and prepped for the **pixel processing** stage via a process called **rasterization**.
+In other words, this stage converts a rather abstract and internal presentation (geometry)
+into something more concrete (pixels). It's called rasterization because end the product is a <Tip text="raster">Noun. A rectangular pattern of parallel scanning lines followed by the electron beam on a television screen or computer monitor. -- 1930s: from German Raster, literally ‘screen’, from Latin rastrum ‘rake’, from ras- ‘scraped’, from the verb radere. ---Oxford Languages</Tip> 
+(a grid) of pixels.
+
+The **pixel processing** stage then uses the rasterized geometry data (pixel data) to do
+**lighting**, **texturing**, **shadow-mapping**, and all the sweet gory details of a scene (like a murder scene). 
+In short, this stage is responsible for calculating the **final output color** of each pixel.
+
+The pipeline will then serve (present) the output of the **pixel processing** stage, which is a **rendered image**,
+to your pretty eyes using your <Tip text="display">Usually a monitor but the technical term for it is
+the target **surface**. Which can be anything like a VR headset or some other crazy surface used for displaying purposes.</Tip>.
+
+<Note type="info", title="Chapters of The Graphics Pipeline">
+
+**Geometry Processing**: How geometry is **represented**, **interpreted**, **transformed** and **expanded**.
+
+**Rasterization**: How the final geometric data is converted into **pixels** and what data they hold. 
+
+**Pixel Processing**: How we figure out the **final output color** of each pixel.
+
+**Optimizations**: How modern game-engines like Unreal Engine 5 optimize the pipeline.
+
+</Note>
+
+I hope it is now evident why I chose to split the concepts in 4-parts. So... let's jump right into the gory details of the **geometry processing**
+stage!
+
+
+
+
+## Surfaces
+
+Ever been jump-scared by this sight in an <Tip text="FPS">First person (shooter) perspective</Tip>? Why are (the inside of) things rendered like that?
+
+<Note title="Boo!", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/boo.png"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+
+In order to display a (murder) scene, 
+we need to have a way of **representing** the **surface** of its composing objects (like corpses) in computer memory.
+We only care about the **surface** since we won't be seeing the insides anyway---Not that we want to.
+At this stage, we only care about the **shape** or the **geometry** of the **surface**.
+Texturing, lighting, and all the sweet gory details come at a much later stage once all the **geometry** has been processed.
+
+But how do we represent surfaces in computer memory?
+
+## Vertices
+
+There are several ways to **represent** the surfaces of 3d objects for a computer to understand.
+For instance, <Tip text="NURBS">
+**Non-uniform rational basis spline** is a mathematical model using **basis splines** (B-splines) that is commonly used in computer graphics for representing curves and surfaces. It offers great flexibility and precision for handling both analytic (defined by common mathematical formulae) and modeled shapes. ---Wikipedia</Tip> surfaces are great for representing **curves**, and it's all about the
+**high precision** needed to do <Tip text="CAD">Computer Assisted Design</Tip>. We could also do **ray-tracing** using fancy equations for
+rendering **photo-realistic** images.
+
+These are all great---ignoring the fact that they would take an eternity to process...
+But what we need is a **performant** approach that can do this for an entire scene with
+hundreds of thousands of objects (like a lot of corpses) in under a small fraction of a second. What we need is **polygonal modeling**.
+
+**Polygonal modeling** enables us to do an exciting thing called **real-time rendering**. The idea is that we only need an
+**approximation** of a surface to render it **realistically enough** for us to have some fun killing time!
+We can achieve this approximation using a collection of **triangles**, **lines**, and **dots** (primitives),
+which themselves are composed of a series of **vertices** (points in space).
+
+<Note title="A sphere made out of triangles", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/polygon_sphere.webp"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+A **vertex** is simply a point in space.
+Once we get enough of these **points**, we can connect them to form **primitives** such as **triangles**, **lines**, and **dots**.
+And once we connect enough of these **primitives** together, they form a **model** or a **mesh** (that we need for our corpse).
+With some interesting models put together, we can compose a **scene** (like a murder scene :D).
+
+<Note title="Stanford bunny model in increasing level of detail (LoD)", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/bunny.jpg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+But let's not get ahead of ourselves. The primary type of **primitive** that we care about during **polygonal modeling**
+is a **triangle**. But why not squares or polygons with a variable number of edges?
+
+## Why Triangles?
+
+In <Tip text="Euclidean geometry"> Developed by **Euclid** around 300 BCE, is based on five axioms. It describes properties of shapes, angles, and space using deductive reasoning. It remained the standard model of geometry for centuries until non-Euclidean geometries and general relativity showed its limits. It's still widely used in education, engineering, and **computer graphics**. ---Wikipedia </Tip>, triangles are always **planar** (they exist only in one plane), 
+any polygon composed of more than 3 points may break this rule, but why does polygons residing in one plane so important 
+to us?
+
+<Note title="Planar vs Non-Planar polygons" type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/planar.jpg", "/images/non_planar_1.jpg", "/images/non_planar_2.png"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+When a polygon exists only in one plane, we can safely imply that **only one face** of it can be visible
+at any one time; this enables us to utilize a huge optimization technique called **back-face culling**.
+Which means we avoid wasting a ton of **precious processing time** on the polygons that 
+we know won't be visible to us. We can safely **cull** the **back-faces** since we won't
+be seeing the **back** of a polygon when it's in the context of a closed-off model. 
+We figure this out by simply using the **winding order** of the triangle to determine whether we're looking at the
+back of the triangle or the front of it---I'll go in depth about **culling** in part 4.
+
+Triangles also have a very small **memory footprint**; for instance, when using the **triangle-strip** topology (more on this very soon), for each additional triangle after the first one, only **one extra vertex** is needed.
+
+The most important attribute, in my opinion, is the **algorithmic simplicity**.
+Any polygon or shape can be composed from a **set of triangles**; for instance, a rectangle is simply **two coplanar triangles**.
+Also, it is a common practice in computer science to break down hard problems into simpler, smaller problems. 
+Trust me, this will be a lot more convincing when we cover the **rasterization** stage in part 2 :)
+
+<Note title="Evolution", type="info">
+
+As a bonus point to consider; present-day **hardware** and **algorithms** have become **extremely efficient** at processing 
+triangles by doing operations such as sorting, rasterizing, etc, after eons of evolving around them.
+
+We literary have a **fixed function** (unprogrammable) stage in the pipeline dedicated for rasterizing
+triangles.
+
+</Note>
+
+## Primitive Topology
+So, we got our set of vertices, but having a bunch of points floating around wouldn't make a scene very lively
+(or gory), we need to form **triangles** out of them to compose **models** (like our beautiful corpse).
+
+The **input assembler** is first the mini-stage in the **geometry processing** stage. And it's responsible for **concatenating** our vertices (the input) to assemble **primitives**.
+It is a **fixed function** stage so we can only configure it (it's not programmable).
+We can tell the assembler how it should interpret the vertex data by configuring its **primitive** <Tip text="toplogy"> The way in which constituent parts are interrelated or arranged.--mid 19th century: via German from Greek topos ‘place’ + -logy.---Oxford Languages </Tip>.
+
+Instead of explaining with words, I'm going to show you how each type of topology works with pictures. So buckle up!
+
+When the topology is **point list**, each **consecutive vertex** (v) defines a **single point** primitive (p)
+and the number of primitives (n of p) is equals to the number of vertices (n of v).
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_point_list.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+&p_i = \{ v_{i} \} \\ &n_p = n_v
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+When the topology is **line list**, each **consecutive pair of vertices** defines a **single line**:
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_line_list.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note  type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+&p_i = \{ v_{2i},\ v_{2i+1} \} \\ &n_p = ⌊ n_v / 2 ⌋
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+When the primitive topology is **line strip**, **one line** is defined by each **vertex and the following vertex**:
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_line_strip.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+
+<Note  type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+    &p_i = \{ v_i, v_{i+1} \} \\ &n_p = \text{max}(0, n_v - 1)
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+When the primitive topology is **triangle list**, each **consecutive set of three vertices** defines a **single triangle**:
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_triangle_list.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note  type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+    &p_i = \{ v_{3i}, v_{3i+1}, v_{3i+2} \} \\ &n_p = ⌊n_v / 3⌋
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+When the primitive topology is **triangle strip**, **one triangle** is defined by each **vertex and the two vertices that follow it**:
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_triangle_strip.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note  type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+    &p_i = \{ v_i,\ v_{i + (1 + i \bmod 2)},\ v_{i + (2 - i \bmod 2)} \} \\ &n_p = \text{max}(0,  n_v- 2)
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+
+When the primitive topology is **triangle fan**, **triangles** are defined **around a shared common vertex**:
+
+<Note title="", type="image">
+
+<Image 
+    paths={["/images/primitive_topology_triangle_fan.svg"]} 
+/> 
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note type="math">
+
+```math
+\begin{aligned}
+    &p_i = \{ v_{i+1}, v_{i+2}, v_0 \} \\ &n_p = \text{max}(0, n_v - 2)
+\end{aligned}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+## Indices
+
+
+**Indices** are an array of integers that reference the **vertices** in a vertex buffer.
+They define the **order** in which vertices should be read (and re-read) by the **input assembler**. 
+Which allows **vertex reuse** and reduces memory usage by preventing duplicate vertices.
+
+Imagine the following scenario:
+```cc
+float triangle_vertices[] = {
+ // x__,  y__
+    0.0,  0.5, // center top
+   -0.5, -0.5, // bottom left
+    0.5, -0.5, // bottom right
+};
+```
+
+Here we have one triangle primitive, cool! Now let's create a rectangle:
+```cc
+float vertices[] = {
+  // first triangle
+  // x__   y__
+     0.5,  0.5, // top right
+     0.5, -0.5, // bottom right << DUPLICATE
+    -0.5,  0.5, // top left << DUPLICATE
+
+  // second triangle
+  // x__   y__
+     0.5, -0.5, // bottom right << DUPLICATE
+    -0.5, -0.5, // bottom left
+    -0.5,  0.5, // top left << DUPLICATE
+}; 
+```
+
+As indicated by the comments, we have two **identical** vertices. This situation only gets worse 
+for each additional **attribute** per vertex (vertices pack a lot more information than positions, we'll get to it later).
+And in a large model with hundreds of thousands of triangles, it becomes unacceptable. To remedy this problem, we do
+**indexed rendering**:
+
+```cc
+float vertices[] = {
+  // first triangle
+  // x__   y__
+     0.5,  0.5, // top right    [0]
+     0.5, -0.5, // bottom right [1]
+    -0.5, -0.5, // bottom left  [2]
+    -0.5,  0.5, // top left     [3]
+};
+
+unsigned int indices[] = {
+    0, 1, 3,   // first triangle
+    1, 2, 3    // second triangle
+};  
+```
+
+And you might be asking, what about **triangle strips** we just talked about? Well, if you try to visualize it,
+a **large model** cannot possibly be made from a **single strip** of triangles, but from **many**. And we might not even use
+triangle **strips**---we might use triangle **lists**.
+
+Either way, using indices is optional but almost always a good idea to use them!
+
+
+<Note title="Post-Transform Vertex Cache", type="info">
+
+Indexed rendering also allows the GPU to use a neat optimization trick called **post-transform vertex cache** where
+if the same index is used after **transformations** happened, it'll fetch the result that's recently cached and
+won't re-run the transformation logic again.
+
+I'll explain how vertices are transformed soon, don't worry (yet).
+
+</Note>
+
+## **Input Assembler**
+Alrighty! Do we have everything we need?
+
+We got our surface representation---**vertices**. We set the **primitive topology** to determine
+how to concatenate them. And we optionally (but most certainly) provided some **indices** to avoid
+duplication.
+
+All this data (and configuration) is then fed to the very first mini-stage of the **graphics pipeline** called
+the **input assembler**. Which as stated before, is responsible for **assembling** primitives from our **input** (vertices and indices).
+
+<Note type="diagram", title="Geometry Processing">
+
+[Vertex/Index Data] --> Input Assembler --> ...
+
+</Note>
+
+So what comes next?
+
+## Coordinate System -- Overview
+**Assembling primitives** is the **first** essential task in the **geometry processing** stage, and 
+everything you read so far only went over that part.
+Its **second** vital responsibility is the **transformation** of the said primitives. Let me explain.
+
+So far, our examples show the geometry in **normalized device coordinates**; or **NDC** for short.
+This is a small space where the x, y and z values are in range of [-1.0 -> 1.0].
+Anything outside this range will be **clipped** and won't be visible on screen. 
+Below is our old triangle again which was specified within **NDC**---ignoring the z for now:
+
+```cc
+float triangle_vertices[] = {
+ // x__,  y__
+    0.0,  0.5, // center top
+   -0.5, -0.5, // bottom left
+    0.5, -0.5, // bottom right
+};
+```
+
+This is because the **rasterizer** expects the **final vertex coordinates** to be in the **NDC** range.
+Anything outside of this range is, again, **clipped** and not visible.
+
+Yet, as you might imagine, doing everything in the **NDC** is inconvenient and very limiting.
+We'd like to **compose** a scene by <Tip text="transforming">Scale, Rotate, Translate. </Tip> some objects around, **interact**
+with the scene by moving and looking around, and express coordinates in arbitrary 
+units---such as meters.
+
+This is done by transforming these vertices through **5 coordinate systems** before ending up in NDC
+(or outside of if they're meant to be clipped). Here's a high-level overview:
+
+**Local Space**: This is where your model begins in, think of it as the data exported from a model
+using Blender. If we were to modify a model (the model's vertices itself, not its transformation) it would make most sense to do it here.
+
+**World Space**: All objects will be stuck into each other at coordinates 0, 0, 0 if we don't move them
+around the world. This is the transformation that puts your object in the context of the **world**.
+
+**View Space**: Then we transform everything that was relative to the world in such a way that each
+vertex is seen from the viewer's point of view.
+
+**Clip Space**: Then we project everything to the clip coordinates, which is in the range of -1.0 and 1.0.
+This projection is what makes **perspective** possible (distant objects appearing smaller).
+
+**Screen Space**: This one is out of our control, it simply puts our now normalized coordinates
+unto the screen.
+
+As you can see each of these coordinates systems serve a specific purpose and allows **composition** and **interaction** with a scene.
+However, doing these **transformations** require a lot of **linear algebra**, specially a ton of **matrix operations**.
+So, before we get into more depth about these coordinate systems, let's learn how to do **linear transformations** using **linear algebra**!
+
+
+<Note title="Mathematics Ahead!">
+
+The concepts in the following sections may be difficult to grasp at first. And **that's okay**, you don't
+need to pickup everything the first time you read them (I didn't). If you feel passionate about these topics
+and want to have a better grasp, refer to the references at the bottom of this article and **take
+your time** :)
+
+</Note>
+
+## Linear Algebra --- Vectors
+
+**Vectors** are the **fundamental** building blocks of the linear algebra. And we're going to get
+really familiar with them :) But what is a **vector** anyways? As all things in life, it depends.
+
+For a **physicist**, vectors are **arrows pointing in space**, and what defines them is their **length** (or **magnitude**)
+and **direction**---that is, any two vectors moved to different **origins** (starting points) are the **same vectors**,
+as long as their **length** and **direction** remain the same:
+
+<Note type="image", title="Physicist">
+
+**Insert Image Here**
+
+</Note>
+
+For a **computer scientist**, vectors are a fancy word for **ordered lists of numbers**. Yep, that's it, it feels good
+to be in the simple world of a computer scientist:
+
+<Note type="image", title="Computer Scientist">
+
+**Insert Image Here**
+
+</Note>
+
+But **mathematically** speaking, vectors are a lot more **abstract**.
+Virtually **any** representation of **vectors** (which is called a **vector-space**) is valid as long as they follow a set of **axioms**. 
+It doesn't matter if you think of them as **arrows in space** that happen to have a **numeric representation**,
+or as a **list of numbers** that happen to have a cute **geometric interpretation** (or even certain mathmatical **functions**). 
+As long the [aximos of vector spaces](https://www.math.ucla.edu/~tao/resource/general/121.1.00s/vector_axioms.html) apply to them, they're vectors.
+
+However, we won't go into such axioms as we're not interested in **abstract** thinking here.
+We're aiming to do something **concrete** called **linear transformations** of a set of vertices (models). 
+So it would be ideal for us to think of them like this:
+
+- A vector describes a series of steps to perform a **transformation** in space.
+- A vector has the properties: **direction** and **magntitude**.
+- If its **magntitude** is exactly **1**, then it describes a **direction** in space and is called a **unit vector**.
+
+Let's go over these points one by one.
+
+**Basis Vector**
+
+**Additions**
+
+**Multiplication**
+
+**Scalar Operations**
+
+**Cross Product**
+
+**Dot Product**
+
+**Length**
+
+**Normalization and the normal vector**
+
+<Note title="The Essence of Linear Algebra">
+
+If you're interested in **mathematics** (bet you are) and **visualization**, then I highly recommend watching the [Essence of Linear Algebra](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab) 
+by **3Blue1Brown**. His math series has great intuitive explanations using smooth visuals.
+And much of my own understanding comes from this series---and the other sources references at the end.
+
+</Note>
+
+## Linear Algebra --- Matrices
+
+** What is a matrix**
+
+**Addition and Subtraction**
+
+**Scalar Operations**
+
+**Multiplication**
+
+**Division (or lack there of)**
+
+**Identity Matrix**
+
+## Linear Algebra --- Transformations
+
+**Scale**
+
+**Rotation**
+
+<Note type="info", title="Gimbal Lock">
+
+Representing rotations like this makes us prone to a phenomenon called **gimbal lock** where we lose
+an axis of control. A way of avoiding this is to rotate around an arbitary axis (makes it a lot harder
+to happen but still possible).
+
+The ideal way is to use <Tip text="quaternions" >A quaternion is a four-part hyper-complex number used in three-dimensional rotations and orientations.
+A quaternion number is represented in the form a+bi+cj+dk, where a, b, c, and d parts are real numbers, and i, j, and k are the basis elements, satisfying the equation: i2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = −1.</Tip>,
+which not only make gimbal lock impossible but are also more computationally friendly.
+
+A full discussion about quaternions is beyond the scope of this article. However, if you're so interested,
+I've left links at the end of this article for further study.
+
+</Note>
+
+**Why Translation is not a linear transformation**
+
+**Translation**
+
+<Note type="info", title="Homogeneous coordinates">
+
+Why are we using 4D matrixes for vertices that are three dimensional?
+
+</Note>
+
+**Embedding it all in one matrix**
+
+Great! You've refreshed on lots of cool mathematics today, let's get back to the original discussion.
+**Transforming** the freshly generated **primitives** through this **five** mysterious coordinates systems (or spaces),
+starting with the **local space**!
+
+## Coordinate System -- Local Space
+Alternatively called the **object space**, is the space **relative** to your object's **origin**.
+All objects have an origin, and it's probably at coordinates [0, 0, 0] (not guaranteed).
+
+Think of a modelling application like **Blender**. If you create a cube in it and export it, the 
+**vertices** it outputs is probably something like this:
+
+**insert outputted vertices**.
+
+And the cube looks plain like this:
+
+<Note title="Unit cube", type="image">
+
+</Note>
+
+I hope this one is easy to grasp since **technically** been using it in our initial triangle
+and square examples already, the local space just happened to be in NDC though that is not necessary.
+
+Say if we arbitrarily consider each 1 unit is 1cm, then a 10m x 10m cube would have the following 
+vertices whilst in the local space.
+
+Basically the vertices that are read from a model file is initially in local space.
+
+## Coordinate System -- World Space
+This is the where our first transormation happens. If we were constructing a crime scene
+without world space transformations then all our corpses would reside somewhere in [0, 0, 0] and
+would be inside each other (horrid, or lovely?).
+
+This transformation allows us to **compose** a (game) world, by transforming all the models from
+their local space and scattering them around the world. We can **translate** (move) the model to the desired
+spot, **rotate** it because why not, and **scale** it if the model needs scaling (capitan obvious here).
+
+This transformation is stored in a matrix called the **model matrix**. This is the first of three primary
+**transformation** matrices which gets multiplied by our vertices.
+
+<Note tye="math", title="Model transformation">
+
+```math
+\text{model}_M * \text{local}_V
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+So one down, two more to go!
+
+## Coordinate system -- View Space
+Alternatively names include: **eye space** or the **camera space**.
+
+This is where the crucial element of **interactivity**
+comes to life (well depends if you can move the view in your game or not).
+
+Currently,  we're looking at the world
+through a fixed lens. Since everything that's rendered will be in the [-1.0, 1.0] range, that means
+**moving** our selves or our **eyes** or the game's **camera** doesn't have a real meaning.
+
+Now it's you that's stuck! (haha). But don't worry your layz-ass, instead of moving yourself
+(which again would not make sense since everything visible ends up in the NDC), you can move the world! (how entitled).
+
+We can achieve this illusion of moving around the world by **reverse transforming** everything based
+on our own **location** and **orientation**. So imagine we're in the [+10.0, 0.0, 0.0] coordinates. How we simulate this
+movement is to apply this translation matrix:
+
+<Note type="math", title="Simplified movement to the right">
+
+</Note>
+
+** Position **
+
+** Orientation **
+
+We can **rotate** the camera, or more accurately **reverse-rotate** the world, via 3 unit vectors snuggled
+inside a matrix, the **up** vector (U), the **target** or **direction** vector (D) and the **right**
+vector (R)
+
+
+<Note type="math", title="LookAt matrix">
+
+```math
+ \begin{bmatrix} \color{red}{R_x} & \color{red}{R_y} & \color{red}{R_z} & 0 \\ \color{green}{U_x} & \color{green}{U_y} & \color{green}{U_z} & 0 \\ \color{blue}{D_x} & \color{blue}{D_y} & \color{blue}{D_z} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0  & 1 \end{bmatrix} * \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & -\color{purple}{P_x} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -\color{purple}{P_y} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -\color{purple}{P_z} \\ 0 & 0 & 0  & 1 \end{bmatrix}
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+">>>>>" explain in depth why such operation makes the view rotate.
+
+Just like the **world space** transformation which is stored in the **model matrix**. 
+This transformation is stored in anoher matrix called the **view matrix**.
+
+So far we got this equation to apply the **world space** and **view space** transformations
+to the **local space** vertices of our model:
+
+<Note tye="math", title="Model_View transformation">
+
+```math
+\text{model}_M * \text{view}_M * \text{local}_V
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+That's two down, one left to slay!
+
+## Coordinate system -- Clip Space
+
+**Overview***
+
+**Aspect Ratio***
+
+**Field of view***
+
+**Normalization***
+
+**Putting it all together**
+
+<Note tye="math", title="Model_View transformation">
+
+```math
+\text{model}_M * \text{view}_M * \text{projection}_M * \text{local}_V 
+```
+
+</Note>
+
+## Coordinate system -- Screen Space
+
+** Viewport transform **
+
+## Coordinate system -- Putting it All Together
+
+<Note title="Coordinate System", type="diagram">
+
+</Note>
+
+## Vertex Shader
+
+<Note title="Shaders", type="info">
+
+**Why is it called a "shader" when it's not "shading" anything?**
+
+</Note>
+
+## Geometry Shader (optional stage)
+**We can generate more geometry here since some geometric details are expressed more efficiently through mathmatical expressions than raw vertex data**
+
+**Different levels of parallelism (why do we still need the vertex shader)**
+
+**Takes as input "a" primitive, outputs any type of (but only one of) primitive(s)**
+
+**Adjecency primitive types**
+
+**Primitive type only indicates number of input vertices since the primitive itself will get cconsumed**
+
+**Geometry shader instancing**
+
+**Geometry shader examples**
+
+**Tessellation/Subdivision**
+
+**Geometry shaders are out of fashion**
+
+**Subdivision**
+
+**Why do we subdivide?**
+
+**Mathmatical presentation more compressed than actual vertex data**
+
+**Geometry shaders are versatile, not performant**
+
+**Data movement bottleneck**
+
+**LoD**
+
+## Tessellation Shader (optional stage)
+**Tessellation Control Shader** (or Hull Shader in DirectX terminology)
+
+**Tessllator**
+
+**Quad Primitives**
+
+**Isolines**
+
+**Outer tessellation / Inner tessellation**
+
+**Tessellation Evaluation Shader** (or Domain Shader in DirectX terminology)
+
+**Tessellation examples**
+
+## Geometry Processing --- Conclusion
+Let's wrap up!
+
+<Note type="diagram", title="Geometry Processing">
+
+Prepared Vertex Data -> 
+
+Input Assembly turns Vertex Data into digestable structures for the Vertex Shader  -> 
+
+Vertex Shader is invoked per vertex for applying transformations via some clever linear algebra -> 
+
+Geometry & Tessellation Shaders expand the geometry on-the-fly and may apply more transformations -> 
+
+... Rasterizer
+
+</Note>
+
+The geometric detail that we now have is not **real**. Perfect triangle do not exist in the real world.
+Our next challenge in this journey is to turn these mathmatical representations into something
+concrete and significant. We're gonna take these primitives and turn them into **pixels** through
+a fancy process called **rasterization**.
+
+You can continue on to [part 2](/articles/the-graphics-pipeline/rasterization) of this article series and learn all about how rasterization
+works.
+
+## Sources
+
+<Note title="Reviewers", type="review">
+
+MMZ ❤️
+
+Grammarly
+
+Some LLMs
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Books", type="resource">
+
+[Joey De Vriez --- LearnOpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/) <br/>
+[Tomas Akenine Moller --- Real-Time Rendering (4th ed)](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intro.html) <br/>
+[Gabriel Gambetta --- Computer Graphics from Scratch](https://gabrielgambetta.com/computer-graphics-from-scratch/) <br/>
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Wikipedia", type="resource">
+
+[Polygonal Modeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling) <br/>
+[Non-uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_rational_B-spline) <br/>
+[Computer Aided Design (CAD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design) <br/>
+[Rasterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation) <br/>
+[Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry) <br/>
+[Vector space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space) <br/>
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Youtube", type="resource">
+
+[Miolith --- Quick Understanding of Homogeneous Coordinates for Computer Graphics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-xwmTODTUI) <br/>
+[Leios Labs ---  What are affine transformations?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3Phj6J287o) <br/>
+[3Blue1Brown --- Essence of linear algebra (highly recommended playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab) <br/>
+[3Blue1Brown --- Quaternions and 3d rotation, explained interactively](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjMuIxRvygQ) <br/>
+[pikuma --- Math for Game Developers (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-93QtJmGnQcJRdiqMBEwZ7_) <br/>
+[pikuma --- 3D Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-97qGEeOWnxZBqvR_zwjWoo) <br/>
+[Cem Yuksel --- Introduction to Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLSphLtKQ0o&list=PLplnkTzzqsZTfYh4UbhLGpI5kGd5oW_Hh) <br/>
+[Cem Yuksel --- Interactive Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVCuWQV_-Es&list=PLplnkTzzqsZS3R5DjmCQsqupu43oS9CFN&pp=0gcJCV8EOCosWNin) <br/>
+[javidx9 --- Essential Mathematics For Aspiring Game Developers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPfxjQ6sqrc) <br/>
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Articles", type="resource">
+
+[Stackoverflow --- Why do 3D engines primarily use triangles to draw surfaces?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100528/why-do-3d-engines-primarily-use-triangles-to-draw-surfaces) <br/>
+[The ryg blog --- The barycentric conspiracy](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-barycentric-conspirac/) <br/>
+[Juan Pineda --- A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~deb39/Classes/Papers/comp175-06-pineda.pdf) <br/>
+[Kristoffer Dyrkorn --- A fast and precise triangle rasterizer](https://kristoffer-dyrkorn.github.io/triangle-rasterizer/) <br/>
+[Microsoft --- Rasterization Rules](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d11/d3d10-graphics-programming-guide-rasterizer-stage-rules) <br/>
+[Axioms of vector spaces](https://www.math.ucla.edu/~tao/resource/general/121.1.00s/vector_axioms.html)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Documentations", type="resource">
+
+[Vulkan Docs --- Drawing](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/chapters/drawing.html) <br/>
+[Vulkan Docs --- Pipeline Diagram](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/_images/pipelinemesh.svg) <br/>
+</Note>

src/routes/articles/the-graphics-pipeline/optimizations/+page.svx

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+---
+title: The Graphics Pipeline --- Optimizations
+date: "April 20 - 2025"
+---
+
+<script>
+import Image from "../../Image.svelte"
+import Note from "../../Note.svelte"
+import Tip from "../../Tip.svelte"
+</script>
+
+## Optimizing the Pipeline
+<Note type="quote" title="An idiot admires complexity, a genius admires simplicity.">
+
+--- Terry A. Davis
+</Note>
+
+Let's get our heads out of the abstract and dizzying mathmatical world now and think like an engineer.
+
+**Out of the mathmatical world, into the engineering world!**
+
+## Deferred Shading
+**Deferred Shading**
+
+**Bottleneck in pixel shading**
+
+**The G Buffer**
+
+**Forward pass** or the **Geometry Pass**
+
+**Deferred pass** or the **Lighting pass**
+
+**Anti Aliasing**
+
+## Beyond G-Buffers --- Visibility Buffers
+**Pros and Cons of G-Buffers**
+
+**High memory consumption**
+
+**May be slower for simple scenes**
+
+**How we did thing in the traditional graphics pipeline**
+
+**Intro to Visbility Buffers!**
+
+## Meshlet-based Rendering
+**Intro to Mesh shaders**
+
+**Issue with Low resolution -> High resolution**
+
+**[Task Shader -> Mesh Generation -> Mesh Shader] -> Rasterization -> Pixel Shader -> Merger**
+** ^^^ GEOMETRY PROCESSING                        -> ^^^           -> Pixel Processing
+
+## Conclusion
+Let's---for the final time, have a quick recap and go everything at the speed of **light** :)
+
+**Application** <br/>
+The pipeline starts simulating the world on the **CPU** and updates, changes, destroys things
+through systems like physics, ecs, events, etc, etc. Here we have full autonomy.
+
+**Geometry Processing** <br/>
+The **graphics pipeline** then provides the **scene data** as a set of **vertices** that form
+**primitives** to the **input assembler**. We use **triangles** because they're the best! Then this
+**input assembler** does what it says and **assembles** some input for the **vertex shader**.
+This **vertex shader** transforms the vertices through different **coordinate systems** and figure out where
+everything should end up on the screen. Here we can optionally do some work with the **geomtry** and **tessellation** 
+steps to generate more geometry on the fly---since expressing some geometric detail mathmatically is more efficient than providing the concrete geometry. 
+This would help us lighten the load on the DRAM -> GPU data lines which are often a bottleneck.
+
+**Rasterization** <br/>
+After all that **geometry processing** we pass the final geometry data to the hardcoded hardware **rasterizer**
+to do **rasterization** and **interpolation** for us and convert the **abstract geometry** into concrete **pixels**.
+All by using triangles because they're the best.
+
+**Pixel Processing** <br/>
+The **rasterizer** then hands off the work to the **pixel/fragment shader** and our world will end up
+being so sexy and colorful! After processing all the fragments the **output merger** will squeeze these
+together and compose the final image.
+
+**Presentation** <br/>
+The **presentation engine** will then feed the output of the pipeline to the target display **surface**
+for your pretty eyes to digest and enjoy.
+
+You've done it! You read through all this garbage just to learn how the **graphics pipeline** works.
+Give yourself a pat on the back and a well deserved reward.
+
+Thanks for reading all the way through! Any feedback, criticism, or question is welcome so contact
+me if you'd like. Good luck on your journey, wherever it may take you :)
+
+## Sources
+
+<Note title="Reviewers", type="review">
+
+MMZ ❤️
+
+Grammarly
+
+Some LLMs
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Books", type="resource">
+
+[Joey De Vriez --- LearnOpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
+[Tomas Akenine Moller --- Real-Time Rendering (4th ed)](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intro.html)
+[Gabriel Gambetta --- Computer Graphics from Scratch](https://gabrielgambetta.com/computer-graphics-from-scratch/)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Wikipedia", type="resource">
+
+[Polygonal Modeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling)
+[Non-uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_rational_B-spline)
+[Computer Aided Design (CAD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design)
+[Rasterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation)
+[Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Youtube", type="resource">
+
+[Miolith --- Quick Understanding of Homogeneous Coordinates for Computer Graphics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-xwmTODTUI)
+[Leios Labs ---  What are affine transformations?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3Phj6J287o)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Essence of linear algebra (highly recommended playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Quaternions and 3d rotation, explained interactively](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjMuIxRvygQ)
+[pikuma --- Math for Game Developers (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-93QtJmGnQcJRdiqMBEwZ7_)
+[pikuma --- 3D Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-97qGEeOWnxZBqvR_zwjWoo)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Introduction to Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLSphLtKQ0o&list=PLplnkTzzqsZTfYh4UbhLGpI5kGd5oW_Hh)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Interactive Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVCuWQV_-Es&list=PLplnkTzzqsZS3R5DjmCQsqupu43oS9CFN&pp=0gcJCV8EOCosWNin)
+[javidx9 --- Essential Mathematics For Aspiring Game Developers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPfxjQ6sqrc)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Articles", type="resource">
+
+[Stackoverflow --- Why do 3D engines primarily use triangles to draw surfaces?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100528/why-do-3d-engines-primarily-use-triangles-to-draw-surfaces)
+[The ryg blog --- The barycentric conspiracy](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-barycentric-conspirac/)
+[Juan Pineda --- A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~deb39/Classes/Papers/comp175-06-pineda.pdf)
+[Kristoffer Dyrkorn --- A fast and precise triangle rasterizer](https://kristoffer-dyrkorn.github.io/triangle-rasterizer/)
+[Microsoft --- Rasterization Rules](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d11/d3d10-graphics-programming-guide-rasterizer-stage-rules)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Documentations", type="resource">
+
+[Vulkan Docs --- Drawing](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/chapters/drawing.html)
+[Vulkan Docs --- Pipeline Diagram](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/_images/pipelinemesh.svg)
+</Note>

src/routes/articles/the-graphics-pipeline/pixel-processing/+page.svx

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+---
+title: The Graphics Pipeline --- Pixel Processing
+date: "April 20 - 2025"
+---
+
+<script>
+import Image from "../../Image.svelte"
+import Note from "../../Note.svelte"
+import Tip from "../../Tip.svelte"
+</script>
+
+## Pixel Processing
+**Overview**
+
+## Texturing
+**Vertex Data Extension**
+
+**Texture Coordinates**
+
+**Texture Sampling**
+
+**Mipmaps**
+
+**Non-color Data**
+
+## Lighting
+**Phong Shading**
+
+// The model was named after its developer B`ui Tóng Phong
+
+**Ambient**
+
+**Diffuse**
+
+**Specular**
+
+**Combined (Phong)**
+
+## Shadows
+
+## Anti-Aliasing
+**SSAA**
+
+**MSAA**
+
+## Post-Processing & Screen-Space Effects
+
+## Pixel Shaders
+
+## Presentation
+
+## Depth Testing
+
+## Stencil Testing
+
+## Output Merger
+** Transparency**
+
+**Blending**
+
+## Sources
+
+<Note title="Reviewers", type="review">
+
+MMZ ❤️
+
+Grammarly
+
+Some LLMs
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Books", type="resource">
+
+[Joey De Vriez --- LearnOpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
+[Tomas Akenine Moller --- Real-Time Rendering (4th ed)](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intro.html)
+[Gabriel Gambetta --- Computer Graphics from Scratch](https://gabrielgambetta.com/computer-graphics-from-scratch/)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Wikipedia", type="resource">
+
+[Polygonal Modeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling)
+[Non-uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_rational_B-spline)
+[Computer Aided Design (CAD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design)
+[Rasterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation)
+[Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Youtube", type="resource">
+
+[Miolith --- Quick Understanding of Homogeneous Coordinates for Computer Graphics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-xwmTODTUI)
+[Leios Labs ---  What are affine transformations?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3Phj6J287o)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Essence of linear algebra (highly recommended playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Quaternions and 3d rotation, explained interactively](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjMuIxRvygQ)
+[pikuma --- Math for Game Developers (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-93QtJmGnQcJRdiqMBEwZ7_)
+[pikuma --- 3D Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-97qGEeOWnxZBqvR_zwjWoo)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Introduction to Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLSphLtKQ0o&list=PLplnkTzzqsZTfYh4UbhLGpI5kGd5oW_Hh)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Interactive Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVCuWQV_-Es&list=PLplnkTzzqsZS3R5DjmCQsqupu43oS9CFN&pp=0gcJCV8EOCosWNin)
+[javidx9 --- Essential Mathematics For Aspiring Game Developers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPfxjQ6sqrc)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Articles", type="resource">
+
+[Stackoverflow --- Why do 3D engines primarily use triangles to draw surfaces?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100528/why-do-3d-engines-primarily-use-triangles-to-draw-surfaces)
+[The ryg blog --- The barycentric conspiracy](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-barycentric-conspirac/)
+[Juan Pineda --- A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~deb39/Classes/Papers/comp175-06-pineda.pdf)
+[Kristoffer Dyrkorn --- A fast and precise triangle rasterizer](https://kristoffer-dyrkorn.github.io/triangle-rasterizer/)
+[Microsoft --- Rasterization Rules](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d11/d3d10-graphics-programming-guide-rasterizer-stage-rules)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Documentations", type="resource">
+
+[Vulkan Docs --- Drawing](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/chapters/drawing.html)
+[Vulkan Docs --- Pipeline Diagram](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/_images/pipelinemesh.svg)
+</Note>

src/routes/articles/the-graphics-pipeline/rasterization/+page.svx

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+title: The Graphics Pipeline --- Rasterization
+date: "April 20 - 2025"
+---
+
+<script>
+import Image from "../../Image.svelte"
+import Note from "../../Note.svelte"
+import Tip from "../../Tip.svelte"
+</script>
+
+## Rasterization
+
+**Bounding Box**
+
+**Winding order**
+
+**P needs to be on the "RIGHT" side of a->b**
+
+**Cross Product**
+
+**Interpolation**
+
+Remember the god forsaken **input assembler**? Let's expand our understanding of it
+since-- for simplicity's sake, we skipped over the fact that **vertices** can hold much, much more data
+than only positions.
+
+**Barycentric Interpolation** NOTE NOT linear interpolation
+
+**Some Optimizations**
+
+<Note title="Software Rasterization">
+
+What we've implemented is a simple toy rasterizer written to be run on the CPU for educational
+purposes only. It is inefficient, has shit precision (integer precision) thus it is choppy when moving things around, and has many problems.
+However, GPUs have dedicated hardwares that run incredibly optimized algorithms to do this
+sort of thing; hence what we made is called a **software** rasterizer ---as opposed to the usual
+**hardware** rasterizer.
+
+It's nice to be aware of and appreciate the simplicity of triangles. If our polygons had variable
+number of edges then it would be really difficult to come up with efficient algorithms for doing this.
+
+</Note>
+
+## Sources
+
+<Note title="Reviewers", type="review">
+
+MMZ ❤️
+
+Grammarly
+
+Some LLMs
+
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Books", type="resource">
+
+[Joey De Vriez --- LearnOpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/)
+[Tomas Akenine Moller --- Real-Time Rendering (4th ed)](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intro.html)
+[Gabriel Gambetta --- Computer Graphics from Scratch](https://gabrielgambetta.com/computer-graphics-from-scratch/)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Wikipedia", type="resource">
+
+[Polygonal Modeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling)
+[Non-uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_rational_B-spline)
+[Computer Aided Design (CAD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design)
+[Rasterization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation)
+[Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Youtube", type="resource">
+
+[Miolith --- Quick Understanding of Homogeneous Coordinates for Computer Graphics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-xwmTODTUI)
+[Leios Labs ---  What are affine transformations?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3Phj6J287o)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Essence of linear algebra (highly recommended playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab)
+[3Blue1Brown --- Quaternions and 3d rotation, explained interactively](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjMuIxRvygQ)
+[pikuma --- Math for Game Developers (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-93QtJmGnQcJRdiqMBEwZ7_)
+[pikuma --- 3D Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do_vEjd6gF0&list=PLYnrabpSIM-97qGEeOWnxZBqvR_zwjWoo)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Introduction to Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLSphLtKQ0o&list=PLplnkTzzqsZTfYh4UbhLGpI5kGd5oW_Hh)
+[Cem Yuksel --- Interactive Computer Graphics (playlist)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVCuWQV_-Es&list=PLplnkTzzqsZS3R5DjmCQsqupu43oS9CFN&pp=0gcJCV8EOCosWNin)
+[javidx9 --- Essential Mathematics For Aspiring Game Developers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPfxjQ6sqrc)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Articles", type="resource">
+
+[Stackoverflow --- Why do 3D engines primarily use triangles to draw surfaces?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100528/why-do-3d-engines-primarily-use-triangles-to-draw-surfaces)
+[The ryg blog --- The barycentric conspiracy](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-barycentric-conspirac/)
+[Juan Pineda --- A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~deb39/Classes/Papers/comp175-06-pineda.pdf)
+[Kristoffer Dyrkorn --- A fast and precise triangle rasterizer](https://kristoffer-dyrkorn.github.io/triangle-rasterizer/)
+[Microsoft --- Rasterization Rules](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d11/d3d10-graphics-programming-guide-rasterizer-stage-rules)
+</Note>
+
+<Note title="Documentations", type="resource">
+
+[Vulkan Docs --- Drawing](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/chapters/drawing.html)
+[Vulkan Docs --- Pipeline Diagram](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/_images/pipelinemesh.svg)
+</Note>

static/images/primitive_topology_line_list.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) -->
+
+<svg
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+       id="path1868"
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+       style="fill:none;stroke:#f9f9f9;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;marker-end:url(#marker2)" />
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+       style="fill:none;stroke:#f9f9f9;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1;marker-end:url(#marker2)" />
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+       style="fill:#ffffff;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
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+       cx="92.534393"
+       cy="-98.035103"
+       r="3.4908931" />
+    <circle
+       style="fill:#ffffff;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
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+</svg>

svelte.config.js

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import { mdsvex } from 'mdsvex';
+import { mdsvex_config }  from './mdsvex.config.js';
+
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
 import { vitePreprocess } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte';
 
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	// Consult https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/integrations
-	// for more information about preprocessors
-	preprocess: [vitePreprocess(), mdsvex()],
-
 	kit: {
 		// adapter-auto only supports some environments, see https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapter-auto for a list.
 		// If your environment is not supported, or you settled on a specific environment, switch out the adapter.
@@ -15,8 +13,14 @@ const config = {
 		adapter: adapter()
 	},
 
-	extensions: ['.svelte', '.svx']
+	extensions: ['.svelte', '.svx', '.md'],
+
+	// Consult https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/integrations
+	// for more information about preprocessors
+	preprocess: [
+        vitePreprocess(),
+        mdsvex(mdsvex_config)
+    ],
 };
 
 export default config;
-