wip: convert from include style to module import style :D

2025-11-07 22:59:33 +03:30 · 2025-11-07 22:59:33 +03:30 · 3c0dcb672e
commit 3c0dcb672e
parent 273f1e2006
71 changed files with 2222 additions and 1815 deletions
--- a/modules/renderer/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/modules/renderer/CMakeLists.txt
@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
 add_library_module(
+    NAME
    renderer
-    system.cpp
-    # Vulkan - backend
-    backend/vk/messenger.cpp
-    backend/vk/context/device.cpp
-    backend/vk/context/gpu.cpp
-    backend/vk/context/instance.cpp
-    backend/vk/context/surface.cpp
-    backend/vk/context/swapchain.cpp
-    backend/vk/data/buffer.cpp
-    backend/vk/renderer/pass.cpp
-    backend/vk/renderer/renderer.cpp
-    # frontend
-    frontend/messenger.cpp
-    frontend/context/device.cpp
-    frontend/context/gpu.cpp
-    frontend/context/instance.cpp
-    frontend/context/surface.cpp
-    frontend/context/swapchain.cpp
-    frontend/data/buffer.cpp
-    frontend/renderer/renderer.cpp
-    frontend/renderer/pass.cpp)
+    INTERFACES
+    # system.cppm Vulkan - backend
+    api.cppm
+    # backends/vk/messenger.cppm
+    backends/factory.cppm
+    # backends/vk/library_loader.cppm
+    backends/vk/library_wrapper.cppm
+    backends/vk/context/device.cppm
+    backends/vk/context/gpu.cppm
+    backends/vk/context/instance.cppm
+    backends/vk/context/surface.cppm
+    # backends/vk/context/swapchain.cppm backends/vk/data/buffer.cppm
+    # backends/vk/renderer/pass.cppm backends/vk/renderer/renderer.cppm frontend
+    # frontend/messenger.cppm
+    frontend/context/device.cppm
+    frontend/context/gpu.cppm
+    frontend/context/instance.cppm
+    frontend/context/surface.cppm
+    # frontend/context/swapchain.cppm frontend/data/buffer.cppm
+    # frontend/renderer/renderer.cppm frontend/renderer/pass.cppm
+)

 target_link_libraries(
    renderer
@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ target_link_libraries(
           camera
    PRIVATE surface pthread)

+return()
+
 add_test_module(
    renderer
    test/utils.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/api.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/api.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+export module renderer.api;
+import std;
+
+namespace lt::renderer {
+
+export enum class Api: std::uint8_t {
+	none = 0u,
+
+	vulkan,
+	direct_x,
+	metal,
+};
+
+}
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/factory.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/factory.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+export module renderer.backend.factory;
+import memory.scope;
+import renderer.frontend.device;
+import renderer.backend.vk.device;
+import debug.assertions;
+import ecs.entity;
+import renderer.backend.vk.instance;
+import renderer.backend.vk.gpu;
+import renderer.backend.vk.surface;
+import renderer.frontend.instance;
+import renderer.frontend.surface;
+import renderer.frontend.gpu;
+import renderer.api;
+import std;
+
+export namespace lt::renderer {
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto get_instance(Api target_api) -> IInstance *;
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_surface(
+    Api target_api,
+    IInstance *instance,
+    const ecs::Entity &surface_entity
+);
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_gpu(Api target_api, IInstance *instance) -> memory::Scope<IGpu>;
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt;
+using namespace lt::renderer;
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto get_instance(Api target_api) -> IInstance *
+{
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return vkb::Instance::get();
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_surface(
+    Api target_api,
+    class IInstance *instance,
+    const lt::ecs::Entity &surface_entity
+) -> memory::Scope<ISurface>
+{
+	debug::ensure(instance, "Failed to create renderer::ISurface: null instance");
+
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vkb::Surface>(instance, surface_entity);
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_gpu(Api target_api, IInstance *instance) -> memory::Scope<IGpu>
+{
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vkb::Gpu>(instance);
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_device(Api target_api, IGpu *gpu, ISurface *surface)
+    -> memory::Scope<IDevice>
+{
+	debug::ensure(gpu, "Failed to create renderer::IDevice: null gpu");
+	debug::ensure(surface, "Failed to create renderer::IDevice: null surface");
+
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vkb::Device>(gpu, surface);
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/device.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/device.cpp
@ -1,3 +1,252 @@
+export module renderer.backend.vk.device;
+
+#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+class Device: public IDevice
+{
+public:
+	Device(IGpu *gpu, ISurface *surface);
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkDevice
+	{
+		return m_device;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_family_indices() const -> std::array<uint32_t, 2>
+	{
+		return { m_graphics_queue_family_index, m_present_queue_family_index };
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_graphics_queue() const -> VkQueue
+	{
+		return m_graphics_queue;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_present_queue() const -> VkQueue
+	{
+		return m_present_queue;
+	}
+
+	/** utilities */
+	template<typename T, typename... Args>
+	void name(const T &object, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&...args)
+	{
+		const auto name = std::format(fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+		auto info = VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT,
+			.objectType = get_object_type(object),
+			.objectHandle = (uint64_t)(object),
+			.pObjectName = name.c_str(),
+		};
+
+		vk_set_debug_object_name(m_device, &info);
+	}
+
+	template<typename T>
+	void name(const T &object, const char *name)
+	{
+		auto info = VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT,
+			.objectType = get_object_type(object),
+			.objectHandle = (uint64_t)(object),
+			.pObjectName = name,
+		};
+
+		vk_set_debug_object_name(m_device, &info);
+	}
+
+
+	/** work functions */
+	void submit(VkSubmitInfo info, VkFence fence) const;
+
+	void present(VkPresentInfoKHR info) const;
+
+	void wait_idle() const;
+
+	void wait_for_fence(VkFence fence) const;
+
+	void wait_for_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
+
+	void reset_fence(VkFence fence) const;
+
+	void reset_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
+
+	/** getter functions */
+	[[nodiscard]] auto acquire_image(
+	    VkSwapchainKHR swapchain,
+	    VkSemaphore semaphore,
+	    uint64_t timeout = 100'000'000
+	) -> std::optional<uint32_t>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_swapchain_images(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain) const -> std::vector<VkImage>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_memory_requirements(VkBuffer buffer) const -> VkMemoryRequirements;
+
+	/** binders / mappers  */
+	void bind_memory(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory memory, size_t offset = 0u) const;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto map_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory, size_t size, size_t offset) const
+	    -> std::span<std::byte>;
+
+	void unmap_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory);
+
+	/** create functions */
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_swapchain(VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR info) const -> VkSwapchainKHR;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_framebuffer(VkFramebufferCreateInfo info) const -> VkFramebuffer;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_image_view(VkImageViewCreateInfo info) const -> VkImageView;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_graphics_pipeline(VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo info) const
+	    -> VkPipeline;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_pass(VkRenderPassCreateInfo info) const -> VkRenderPass;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_pipeline_layout(
+	    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> descriptor_set_layout,
+	    std::vector<VkPushConstantRange> push_constant_ranges
+	) const -> VkPipelineLayout;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_shader_module(VkShaderModuleCreateInfo info) const -> VkShaderModule;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_command_pool(VkCommandPoolCreateInfo info) const -> VkCommandPool;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_semaphores(uint32_t count) const -> std::vector<VkSemaphore>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_fences(VkFenceCreateInfo info, uint32_t count) const
+	    -> std::vector<VkFence>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_buffer(VkBufferCreateInfo info) const -> VkBuffer;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_descriptor_set_layout(VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo info) const
+	    -> VkDescriptorSetLayout;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_desscriptor_pool(VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo info) const
+	    -> VkDescriptorPool;
+
+	/** allocation functions */
+	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_memory(VkMemoryAllocateInfo info) const -> VkDeviceMemory;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_command_buffers(VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo info) const
+	    -> std::vector<VkCommandBuffer>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_descriptor_set(VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo info) const
+	    -> VkDescriptorSet;
+
+	/** de-allocation functions */
+	void free_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory) const;
+
+	void free_descriptor_set(
+	    VkDescriptorPool descriptor_pool,
+	    VkDescriptorSet descriptor_set
+	) const;
+
+	/** destroy functions */
+	void destroy_swapchain(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain) const;
+
+	void destroy_framebuffer(VkFramebuffer framebuffer) const;
+
+	void destroy_framebuffers(std::span<VkFramebuffer> framebuffers) const;
+
+	void destroy_image_view(VkImageView image_view) const;
+
+	void destroy_image_views(std::span<VkImageView> image_views) const;
+
+	void destroy_pipeline(VkPipeline pipeline) const;
+
+	void destroy_pass(VkRenderPass pass) const;
+
+	void destroy_pipeline_layout(VkPipelineLayout pipeline_layout) const;
+
+	void destroy_shader_module(VkShaderModule shader_module) const;
+
+	void destroy_command_pool(VkCommandPool command_pool) const;
+
+	void destroy_semaphore(VkSemaphore semaphore) const;
+
+	void destroy_semaphores(std::span<VkSemaphore> semaphores) const;
+
+	void destroy_fence(VkFence fence) const;
+
+	void destroy_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
+
+	void destroy_buffer(VkBuffer buffer) const;
+
+	void destroy_descriptor_set_layout(VkDescriptorSetLayout layout) const;
+
+	void destroy_descriptor_pool(VkDescriptorPool pool) const;
+
+private:
+	template<typename T>
+	static auto get_object_type(const T &object) -> VkObjectType
+	{
+		std::ignore = object;
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkQueue>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_QUEUE;
+		}
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkFence>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_FENCE;
+		}
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkSemaphore>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SEMAPHORE;
+		}
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkSwapchainKHR>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_KHR;
+		}
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkImage>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE;
+		}
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkImageView>)
+		{
+			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW;
+		}
+
+		static_assert("invalid type");
+	}
+
+
+	void initialize_physical_device();
+
+	void initialize_logical_device();
+
+	void initialize_queue_indices();
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto find_suitable_queue_family() const -> uint32_t;
+
+	vk::Gpu m_gpu {};
+
+	vk::Surface *m_surface {};
+
+	vk::Device m_device;
+
+	vk::Queue m_graphics_queue;
+
+	vk::Queue m_present_queue;
+
+	std::uint32_t m_graphics_queue_family_index = vk::constants::queue_family_ignored;
+
+	std::uint32_t m_present_queue_family_index = vk::constants::queue_family_ignored;
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
+
 //
 #include <logger/logger.hpp>
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/context/device.hpp>
@ -58,7 +307,6 @@ void Device::initialize_logical_device()
 	const float priorities = .0f;

 	auto queue_infos = std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> {};
-	auto queue_families = std::set { m_graphics_queue_family_index, m_present_queue_family_index };

 	for (auto queue_family : queue_families)
 	{
@ -81,91 +329,25 @@ void Device::initialize_logical_device()
 	};

 	auto descriptor_indexing_features = m_gpu->get_descriptor_indexing_features();
-	log::debug("");
-
-	log::debug(
-	    "shaderInputAttachmentArrayDynamicIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderInputAttachmentArrayDynamicIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderUniformTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderUniformTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderStorageTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderStorageTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderUniformBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderUniformBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderInputAttachmentArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderInputAttachmentArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderUniformTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderUniformTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " shaderStorageTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.shaderStorageTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingUniformBufferUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingUniformBufferUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingSampledImageUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingSampledImageUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingStorageImageUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingStorageImageUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingStorageBufferUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingStorageBufferUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingUniformTexelBufferUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingUniformTexelBufferUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingStorageTexelBufferUpdateAfterBind: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingStorageTexelBufferUpdateAfterBind
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingUpdateUnusedWhilePending: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingUpdateUnusedWhilePending
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingPartiallyBound: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingPartiallyBound
-	);
-	log::debug(
-	    " descriptorBindingVariableDescriptorCount: {}",
-	    descriptor_indexing_features.descriptorBindingVariableDescriptorCount
-	);
-	log::debug(" runtimeDescriptorArray: {}", descriptor_indexing_features.runtimeDescriptorArray);
 	const auto dynamic_rendering_features = VkPhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DYNAMIC_RENDERING_FEATURES,
 		.pNext = &descriptor_indexing_features,
 		.dynamicRendering = true,
 	};

+	auto queue_indices = std::set { m_graphics_queue_family_index, m_present_queue_family_index };
+	m_device = vk::Device(
+	    vk::Device::CreateInfo {
+	        .queue_indices = queue_indices,
+            .extensions = {
+            vk::constants::device_extension_names::swapchain,
+            vk::constants::device_extension_names::dynamic_rendering,
+            vk::constants::device_extension_names::descriptor_indexing,
+
+            }
+
+	    }
+	);

 	m_device = m_gpu->create_device(
 	    VkDeviceCreateInfo {
@ -185,18 +367,18 @@ void Device::initialize_queue_indices()
 	auto properties = m_gpu->get_queue_family_properties();
 	for (auto idx = uint32_t { 0u }; const auto &property : properties)
 	{
-		if (property.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT)
+		if (property.queue_flags & vk::QueueFlags::graphics_bit)
 		{
 			m_graphics_queue_family_index = idx;
 		}

-		if (m_gpu->queue_family_supports_presentation(m_surface->vk(), idx))
+		if (m_gpu->queue_family_supports_surface(m_surface->vk(), idx))
 		{
 			m_present_queue_family_index = idx;
 		}

-		if (m_graphics_queue_family_index != VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED
-		    && m_present_queue_family_index != VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
+		if (m_graphics_queue_family_index != vk::constants::queue_family_ignored
+		    && m_present_queue_family_index != vk::constants::queue_family_ignored)
 		{
 			break;
 		}
@ -204,13 +386,13 @@ void Device::initialize_queue_indices()
 		++idx;
 	}

-	ensure(
-	    m_graphics_queue_family_index != VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+	debug::ensure(
+	    m_graphics_queue_family_index != vk::constants::queue_family_ignored,
 	    "Failed to find graphics queue family"
 	);

-	ensure(
-	    m_present_queue_family_index != VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+	debug::ensure(
+	    m_present_queue_family_index != vk::constants::queue_family_ignored,
 	    "Failed to find presentation queue family"
 	);
 }
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/gpu.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/gpu.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+export module renderer.backend.vk.gpu;
+import renderer.backend.vk.library_wrapper;
+import debug.assertions;
+import renderer.frontend.instance;
+import renderer.frontend.gpu;
+import renderer.backend.vk.instance;
+import memory.null_on_move;
+import std;
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vkb {
+
+export class Gpu: public IGpu
+{
+public:
+	Gpu(IInstance *instance);
+
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto queue_family_supports_presentation(
+	//     VkSurfaceKHR surface,
+	//     uint32_t queue_family_idx
+	// ) -> bool;
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_surface_capabilities(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+	//     -> VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR;
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_surface_formats(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+	//     -> std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>;
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_properties() const -> VkPhysicalDeviceProperties
+	// {
+	// 	return m_properties;
+	// }
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_descriptor_indexing_features() const
+	//     -> VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeatures
+	// {
+	// 	return m_descriptor_indexing_features;
+	// }
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_memory_properties() const -> VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties
+	// {
+	// 	return m_memory_properties;
+	// }
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto get_queue_family_properties() const ->
+	// std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties>
+	// {
+	// 	return m_queue_family_properties;
+	// }
+
+private:
+	vk::Gpu m_gpu;
+
+	vk::Gpu::Properties m_properties {};
+
+	// VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeatures m_descriptor_indexing_features;
+
+	vk::Gpu::MemoryProperties m_memory_properties {};
+
+	std::vector<vk::Gpu::QueueFamilyProperties> m_queue_family_properties;
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vkb
+
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer::vkb;
+
+Gpu::Gpu(IInstance *instance)
+{
+	auto gpus = vk::Gpu::enumerate(static_cast<Instance *>(instance)->vk());
+
+	for (auto &gpu : gpus)
+	{
+		auto properties = gpu.get_properties();
+		auto features = gpu.get_features();
+
+		if (properties.device_type == vk::Gpu::Type::discrete_gpu && features.geometry_shader)
+		{
+			m_gpu = gpu;
+		}
+	}
+
+	debug::ensure(m_gpu, "Failed to find any suitable Vulkan physical device");
+
+	m_memory_properties = m_gpu.get_memory_properties();
+	m_queue_family_properties = m_gpu.get_queue_family_properties();
+}
+
+// [[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::queue_family_supports_presentation(
+//     VkSurfaceKHR surface,
+//     uint32_t queue_family_idx
+// ) -> bool
+// {
+// 	auto supported = VkBool32 { false };
+// 	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_support(m_gpu, queue_family_idx, surface, &supported));
+//
+// 	return supported;
+// }
+//
+// [[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::get_surface_capabilities(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+//     -> VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR
+// {
+// 	auto capabilities = VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR {};
+// 	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(m_gpu, surface, &capabilities));
+// 	return capabilities;
+// }
+//
+// [[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::get_surface_formats(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+//     -> std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>
+// {
+// 	auto count = uint32_t { 0u };
+// 	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats(m_gpu, surface, &count, nullptr));
+//
+// 	auto formats = std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>(count);
+// 	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats(m_gpu, surface, &count, formats.data()));
+//
+// 	return formats;
+// }
+
+// [[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::create_device(VkDeviceCreateInfo info) const -> VkDevice
+// {
+// 	auto *device = VkDevice {};
+// 	vkc(vk_create_device(m_gpu, &info, nullptr, &device));
+// 	return device;
+// }
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/instance.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/instance.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+export module renderer.backend.vk.instance;
+import debug.assertions;
+import renderer.frontend.instance;
+import renderer.backend.vk.library_wrapper;
+// import renderer.backend.vk.library_loader;
+import std;
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vkb {
+
+/**
+ * Responsible for dynamically loading Vulkan library/functions.
+ *
+ * @note: The delayed vkInstance destruction is due to a work-around for a libx11 quirk:
+ * @ref:
+ * https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/commit/0017308648b6bf8eef10ef0ffb9470576c0c2e9e
+ * https://www.xfree86.org/4.7.0/DRI11.html
+ * https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/issues/1894
+ */
+export class Instance: public IInstance
+{
+public:
+	static auto get() -> IInstance *
+	{
+		return &Instance::instance();
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() -> vk::Instance &
+	{
+		return m_instance;
+	}
+
+	// /* create functions */
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto create_xlib_surface(VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR info) const ->
+	// VkSurfaceKHR;
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto create_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT info) const
+	//     -> VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
+	//
+	// /* destroy functions */
+	// void destroy_surface(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const;
+	//
+	// void destroy_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger) const;
+	//
+	// [[nodiscard]] auto enumerate_gpus() const -> std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>;
+
+private:
+	static auto instance() -> IInstance &
+	{
+		static auto instance = Instance {};
+		return instance;
+	}
+
+	Instance();
+
+	vk::Instance m_instance;
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vkb
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer::vkb;
+
+Instance::Instance()
+{
+	vk::load_library();
+	vk::load_global_functions();
+
+	const auto app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo {
+		.name = "Hallo Hallo Hallo :3",
+		.version = vk::constants::application_version,
+		.engine_name = vk::constants::engine_name,
+		.engine_version = vk::constants::engine_version,
+		.api_version = vk::constants::api_version,
+	};
+
+	using Setting = vk::Instance::Layer::Setting;
+	const auto validation_layer_settings = std::vector<Setting> {
+		Setting { .name = "validate_core", .values = true },
+		Setting { .name = "validate_sync", .values = true },
+		Setting { .name = "thread_safety", .values = true },
+		Setting { .name = "debug_action", .values = true },
+		Setting { .name = "enable_message_limit", .values = true },
+		Setting {
+		    .name = "duplicate_message_limit",
+		    .values = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max(),
+		},
+		Setting {
+		    .name = "report_flags",
+		    .values = std::vector<const char *> { "info", "warn", "perf", "error", "verbose" },
+		},
+	};
+
+
+	using Layer = vk::Instance::Layer;
+	m_instance = vk::Instance(
+	    vk::Instance::CreateInfo {
+	        .application_info = app_info,
+            .layers = std::vector<Layer> { Layer {
+		.name = vk::instance_layer_names::validation,
+		.settings = validation_layer_settings,
+	} },
+            .extensions = {
+                vk::instance_extension_names::debug_utils,
+                vk::instance_extension_names::surface,
+                vk::instance_extension_names::xlib_surface,
+                vk::instance_extension_names::physical_device_properties_2,
+            },
+	    }
+	);
+
+	m_instance.load_functions();
+}
+
+// auto Instance::enumerate_gpus() const -> std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>
+// {
+// 	auto count = 0u;
+// 	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(m_instance, &count, nullptr));
+// 	debug::ensure(count != 0u, "Failed to find any gpus with Vulkan support");
+//
+// 	auto gpus = std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>(count);
+// 	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(m_instance, &count, gpus.data()));
+// 	return gpus;
+// }
+//
+// auto Instance::create_xlib_surface(VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR info) const -> VkSurfaceKHR
+// {
+// 	auto *value = VkSurfaceKHR {};
+// 	vk_create_xlib_surface_khr(m_instance, &info, m_allocator, &value);
+//
+// 	return value;
+// }
+//
+// [[nodiscard]] auto Instance::create_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT info) const
+//     -> VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT
+// {
+// 	auto *messenger = VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT {};
+// 	vkc(vk_create_debug_messenger(m_instance, &info, m_allocator, &messenger));
+// 	return messenger;
+// }
+//
+// void Instance::destroy_surface(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+// {
+// 	vk_destroy_surface_khr(m_instance, surface, m_allocator);
+// }
+//
+// void Instance::destroy_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger) const
+// {
+// 	vk_destroy_debug_messenger(m_instance, messenger, m_allocator);
+// }
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/surface.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/context/surface.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+export module renderer.backend.vk.surface;
+import debug.assertions;
+import ecs.entity;
+import ecs.registry;
+import memory.null_on_move;
+import math.vec2;
+import surface.system;
+import renderer.frontend.instance;
+import renderer.backend.vk.instance;
+import renderer.frontend.surface;
+import renderer.backend.vk.library_wrapper;
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vkb {
+
+export class Surface: public ISurface
+{
+public:
+	Surface(IInstance *instance, const ecs::Entity &surface_entity);
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() -> vk::Surface &
+	{
+		return m_surface;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_framebuffer_size() const -> math::uvec2 override;
+
+private:
+	vk::Surface m_surface;
+
+	ecs::Entity m_surface_entity;
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vkb
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer::vkb;
+
+Surface::Surface(IInstance *instance, const ecs::Entity &surface_entity)
+    : m_surface_entity(surface_entity)
+{
+	const auto &component = surface_entity.get<surface::SurfaceComponent>();
+
+	debug::ensure(
+	    component.get_native_data().display,
+	    "Failed to initialize vk::Surface: null x-display"
+	);
+	debug::ensure(
+	    component.get_native_data().window,
+	    "Failed to initialize vk::Surface: null x-window"
+	);
+
+	m_surface = vk::Surface(
+	    static_cast<Instance *>(instance)->vk(),
+	    vk::Surface::XlibCreateInfo {
+	        .display = component.get_native_data().display,
+	        .window = component.get_native_data().window,
+	    }
+	);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto Surface::get_framebuffer_size() const -> math::uvec2
+{
+	return m_surface_entity.get<surface::SurfaceComponent>().get_resolution();
+}
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/swapchain.cpp
@ -1,3 +1,93 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/utils.hpp>
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+class Swapchain: public ISwapchain
+{
+public:
+	Swapchain(ISurface *surface, IGpu *gpu, IDevice *device);
+	~Swapchain() override;
+
+	Swapchain(Swapchain &&) = default;
+
+	Swapchain(const Swapchain &) = delete;
+
+	auto operator=(Swapchain &&) -> Swapchain & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const Swapchain &) const -> Swapchain & = delete;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkSwapchainKHR
+	{
+		return m_swapchain;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk_ptr() -> VkSwapchainKHR *
+	{
+		return &m_swapchain;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_resolution() const -> VkExtent2D
+	{
+		return m_resolution;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_format() const -> VkFormat
+	{
+		return m_format;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image_count() const -> size_t
+	{
+		return m_images.size();
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image_view(uint32_t idx) -> VkImageView
+	{
+		return m_image_views[idx];
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image(uint32_t idx) -> VkImage
+	{
+		return m_images[idx];
+	}
+
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto create_framebuffers_for_pass(VkRenderPass pass) const
+	    -> std::vector<VkFramebuffer>;
+
+private:
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_optimal_image_count(
+	    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities,
+	    uint32_t desired_image_count
+	) const -> uint32_t;
+
+	memory::NullOnMove<class Surface *> m_surface {};
+
+	class Gpu *m_gpu {};
+
+	class Device *m_device {};
+
+	VkSwapchainKHR m_swapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+	std::vector<VkImage> m_images;
+
+	std::vector<VkImageView> m_image_views;
+
+	VkExtent2D m_resolution {};
+
+	VkFormat m_format {};
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
 #include <logger/logger.hpp>
 #include <ranges>
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/context/device.hpp>
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/buffer.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/buffer.cpp
@ -1,3 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/raii/raii.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/data/buffer.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+class Buffer: public IBuffer
+{
+public:
+	Buffer(class IDevice *device, class IGpu *gpu, const CreateInfo &info);
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto map() -> std::span<std::byte> override;
+
+	void unmap() override;
+
+	// TODO(Light): this is to make copying possible.
+	// But it should be removed in the future,
+	// Right now it's not possible because: buffers can't understand CommandBuffers.
+	// And I'm not sure how to properly abstract over command buffers,
+	// before using other APIs...
+	[[nodiscard]] auto vk()
+	{
+		return *m_buffer;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_size() const -> size_t override
+	{
+		return m_size;
+	}
+
+private:
+	[[nodiscard]] auto determine_allocation_info(Usage usage) const -> VkMemoryAllocateInfo;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto to_native_usage_flags(Usage usage) const -> VkBufferUsageFlags;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto to_native_memory_properties(Usage usage) const -> VkMemoryPropertyFlags;
+
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto has_correct_memory_type_bit(uint32_t type_bits, uint32_t type_idx) const
+	    -> bool;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto has_required_memory_properties(
+	    uint32_t required_properties,
+	    uint32_t property_flags
+	) const -> bool;
+
+	Device *m_device {};
+
+	Gpu *m_gpu {};
+
+	raii::Buffer m_buffer;
+
+	raii::Memory m_memory;
+
+	// TODO(Light): should this reflect the allocation size instead?
+	size_t m_size {};
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
+
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/context/device.hpp>
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/context/gpu.hpp>
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/data/buffer.hpp>
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/descriptors.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/descriptors.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/library_wrapper.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/library_wrapper.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
+module;
+#define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
+#define VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	#error "Unsupported platform"
+#elif defined(__unix__)
+	#include <dlfcn.h>
+#endif
+
+export module renderer.backend.vk.library_wrapper;
+import memory.null_on_move;
+import math.vec3;
+import debug.assertions;
+import std;
+
+template<class... Ts>
+struct overloads: Ts...
+{
+	using Ts::operator()...;
+};
+
+export namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+using Bool32 = VkBool32;
+
+namespace constants {
+
+constexpr auto application_version = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
+constexpr auto engine_version = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
+constexpr auto api_version = VK_API_VERSION_1_4;
+constexpr auto engine_name = std::string_view { "light_engine_vulkan_renderer" };
+
+constexpr auto max_physical_device_name = VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME_SIZE;
+constexpr auto max_memory_types = VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES;
+constexpr auto max_memory_heaps = VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS;
+constexpr auto uuid_size = VK_UUID_SIZE;
+
+} // namespace constants
+
+
+namespace instance_layer_names {
+
+constexpr auto validation = "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation";
+
+}
+
+namespace instance_extension_names {
+
+constexpr auto debug_utils = VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto surface = VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto xlib_surface = VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto physical_device_properties_2
+    = VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME;
+
+} // namespace instance_extension_names
+
+namespace device_extension_names {
+
+constexpr auto xlib_surface = VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto swapchain = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto dynamic_rendering = VK_KHR_DYNAMIC_RENDERING_EXTENSION_NAME;
+constexpr auto descriptor_indexing = VK_EXT_DESCRIPTOR_INDEXING_EXTENSION_NAME;
+
+}; // namespace device_extension_names
+
+
+void load_library();
+
+void unload_library();
+
+void load_global_functions();
+
+void load_device_functions(VkDevice device);
+
+using Version_T = uint32_t;
+
+struct ApplicationInfo
+{
+	std::string_view name;
+
+	Version_T version;
+
+	std::string_view engine_name;
+
+	Version_T engine_version;
+
+	Version_T api_version;
+};
+
+namespace QueueFlags {
+enum T : std::underlying_type_t<VkQueueFlagBits> // NOLINT
+{
+	graphics_bit = VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT,
+	compute_bit = VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT,
+	transfer_bit = VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+	sparse_binding_bit = VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT,
+	protected_bit = VK_QUEUE_PROTECTED_BIT,
+	video_decode_bit_khr = VK_QUEUE_VIDEO_DECODE_BIT_KHR,
+	video_encode_bit_khr = VK_QUEUE_VIDEO_ENCODE_BIT_KHR,
+	optical_flow_bit_nv = VK_QUEUE_OPTICAL_FLOW_BIT_NV,
+};
+}
+
+namespace MemoryHeapFlags {
+enum T : std::underlying_type_t<VkMemoryHeapFlagBits> // NOLINT
+{
+
+	device_local_bit = VK_MEMORY_HEAP_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+	multi_instance_bit = VK_MEMORY_HEAP_MULTI_INSTANCE_BIT,
+	tile_memory_bit = VK_MEMORY_HEAP_TILE_MEMORY_BIT_QCOM,
+};
+};
+
+namespace MemoryPropertyFlags {
+enum T : std::underlying_type_t<VkMemoryPropertyFlagBits> // NOLINT
+{
+
+	device_local_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+	host_visible_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT,
+	host_coherent_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
+	host_cached_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT,
+	lazily_allocated_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_LAZILY_ALLOCATED_BIT,
+	protected_bit = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_PROTECTED_BIT,
+	device_coherent_bit_amd = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_COHERENT_BIT_AMD,
+	device_uncached_bit_amd = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_UNCACHED_BIT_AMD,
+	rdma_capable_bit_nv = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_RDMA_CAPABLE_BIT_NV,
+};
+}
+
+class Instance
+{
+public:
+	friend class Surface;
+	friend class Gpu;
+
+	struct Layer
+	{
+		struct Setting
+		{
+			std::string name;
+			std::variant<std::vector<const char *>, std::uint32_t, bool> values;
+		};
+
+		std::string name;
+
+		std::vector<Setting> settings;
+	};
+
+	using Extension = std::string;
+
+	struct CreateInfo
+	{
+		ApplicationInfo application_info;
+
+		std::vector<Layer> layers;
+
+		std::vector<Extension> extensions;
+	};
+
+	Instance() = default;
+
+	Instance(CreateInfo info);
+
+	Instance(Instance &&) = default;
+
+	Instance(const Instance &) = delete;
+
+	auto operator=(Instance &&) -> Instance & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const Instance &) = delete;
+
+	~Instance();
+
+	void load_functions();
+
+	[[nodiscard]] operator bool() const
+	{
+		return m_instance != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+private:
+	memory::NullOnMove<VkInstance> m_instance {};
+};
+
+class Surface
+{
+public:
+	friend class Gpu;
+
+	struct XlibCreateInfo
+	{
+		Display *display;
+
+		Window window;
+	};
+
+	Surface() = default;
+
+	Surface(const Instance &instance, const XlibCreateInfo &info);
+
+	Surface(Surface &&) = default;
+
+	Surface(const Surface &) = delete;
+
+	auto operator=(Surface &&) -> Surface & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const Surface &) -> Surface & = delete;
+
+	~Surface();
+
+	[[nodiscard]] operator bool() const
+	{
+		return m_surface != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+private:
+	memory::NullOnMove<VkSurfaceKHR> m_surface {};
+
+	VkInstance m_instance {};
+};
+
+class Gpu
+{
+public:
+	enum class Type : uint8_t
+	{
+		other = 0,
+		integrated_gpu = 1,
+		discrete_gpu = 2,
+		virtual_gpu = 3,
+		cpu = 4,
+	};
+
+	struct Features
+	{
+		Bool32 robust_buffer_access;
+		Bool32 full_draw_index_uint32;
+		Bool32 image_cube_array;
+		Bool32 independent_blend;
+		Bool32 geometry_shader;
+		Bool32 tessellation_shader;
+		Bool32 sample_rate_shading;
+		Bool32 dual_src_blend;
+		Bool32 logic_op;
+		Bool32 multi_draw_indirect;
+		Bool32 draw_indirect_first_instance;
+		Bool32 depth_clamp;
+		Bool32 depth_bias_clamp;
+		Bool32 fill_mode_non_solid;
+		Bool32 depth_bounds;
+		Bool32 wide_lines;
+		Bool32 large_points;
+		Bool32 alpha_to_one;
+		Bool32 multi_viewport;
+		Bool32 sampler_anisotropy;
+		Bool32 texture_compression_etc2;
+		Bool32 texture_compression_astc_ldr;
+		Bool32 texture_compression_bc;
+		Bool32 occlusion_query_precise;
+		Bool32 pipeline_statistics_query;
+		Bool32 vertex_pipeline_stores_and_atomics;
+		Bool32 fragment_stores_and_atomics;
+		Bool32 shader_tessellation_and_geometry_point_size;
+		Bool32 shader_image_gather_extended;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_image_extended_formats;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_image_multisample;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_image_read_without_format;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_image_write_without_format;
+		Bool32 shader_uniform_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing;
+		Bool32 shader_sampled_image_array_dynamic_indexing;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing;
+		Bool32 shader_storage_image_array_dynamic_indexing;
+		Bool32 shader_clip_distance;
+		Bool32 shader_cull_distance;
+		Bool32 shader_float64;
+		Bool32 shader_int64;
+		Bool32 shader_int16;
+		Bool32 shader_resource_residency;
+		Bool32 shader_resource_min_lod;
+		Bool32 sparse_binding;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_buffer;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_image_2d;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_image_3d;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_2_samples;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_4_samples;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_8_samples;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_16_samples;
+		Bool32 sparse_residency_aliased;
+		Bool32 variable_multisample_rate;
+		Bool32 inherited_queries;
+	};
+
+	struct Limits
+	{
+		std::uint32_t max_image_dimension_1d;
+		std::uint32_t max_image_dimension_2d;
+		std::uint32_t max_image_dimension_3d;
+		std::uint32_t max_image_dimension_cube;
+		std::uint32_t max_image_array_layers;
+		std::uint32_t max_texel_buffer_elements;
+		std::uint32_t max_uniform_buffer_range;
+		std::uint32_t max_storage_buffer_range;
+		std::uint32_t max_push_constants_size;
+		std::uint32_t max_memory_allocation_count;
+		std::uint32_t max_sampler_allocation_count;
+		std::size_t buffer_image_granularity;
+		std::size_t sparse_address_space_size;
+		std::uint32_t max_bound_descriptor_sets;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_samplers;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_uniform_buffers;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_storage_buffers;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_sampled_images;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_storage_images;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_descriptor_input_attachments;
+		std::uint32_t max_per_stage_resources;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_samplers;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_uniform_buffers;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_uniform_buffers_dynamic;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_storage_buffers;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_storage_buffers_dynamic;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_sampled_images;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_storage_images;
+		std::uint32_t max_descriptor_set_input_attachments;
+		std::uint32_t max_vertex_input_attributes;
+		std::uint32_t max_vertex_input_bindings;
+		std::uint32_t max_vertex_input_attribute_offset;
+		std::uint32_t max_vertex_input_binding_stride;
+		std::uint32_t max_vertex_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_generation_level;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_patch_size;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_control_per_vertex_input_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_control_per_vertex_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_control_per_patch_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_control_total_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_evaluation_input_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_tessellation_evaluation_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_geometry_shader_invocations;
+		std::uint32_t max_geometry_input_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_geometry_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_geometry_output_vertices;
+		std::uint32_t max_geometry_total_output_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_fragment_input_components;
+		std::uint32_t max_fragment_output_attachments;
+		std::uint32_t max_fragment_dual_src_attachments;
+		std::uint32_t max_fragment_combined_output_resources;
+		std::uint32_t max_compute_shared_memory_size;
+		std::array<std::uint32_t, 3> max_compute_work_group_count;
+		std::uint32_t max_compute_work_group_invocations;
+		std::array<std::uint32_t, 3> max_compute_work_group_size;
+		std::uint32_t sub_pixel_precision_bits;
+		std::uint32_t sub_texel_precision_bits;
+		std::uint32_t mipmap_precision_bits;
+		std::uint32_t max_draw_indexed_index_value;
+		std::uint32_t max_draw_indirect_count;
+		float max_sampler_lod_bias;
+		float max_sampler_anisotropy;
+		std::uint32_t max_viewports;
+		std::array<std::uint32_t, 2> max_viewport_dimensions;
+		std::array<float, 2> viewport_bounds_range;
+		std::uint32_t viewport_sub_pixel_bits;
+		std::size_t min_memory_map_alignment;
+		VkDeviceSize min_texel_buffer_offset_alignment;
+		VkDeviceSize min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment;
+		VkDeviceSize min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment;
+		std::int32_t min_texel_offset;
+		std::uint32_t max_texel_offset;
+		std::int32_t min_texel_gather_offset;
+		std::uint32_t max_texel_gather_offset;
+		float min_interpolation_offset;
+		float max_interpolation_offset;
+		std::uint32_t sub_pixel_interpolation_offset_bits;
+		std::uint32_t max_framebuffer_width;
+		std::uint32_t max_framebuffer_height;
+		std::uint32_t max_framebuffer_layers;
+		VkSampleCountFlags framebuffer_color_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags framebuffer_depth_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags framebuffer_stencil_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags framebuffer_no_attachments_sample_counts;
+		std::uint32_t max_color_attachments;
+		VkSampleCountFlags sampled_image_color_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags sampled_image_integer_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags sampled_image_depth_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags sampled_image_stencil_sample_counts;
+		VkSampleCountFlags storage_image_sample_counts;
+		std::uint32_t max_sample_mask_words;
+		Bool32 timestamp_compute_and_graphics;
+		float timestamp_period;
+		std::uint32_t max_clip_distances;
+		std::uint32_t max_cull_distances;
+		std::uint32_t max_combined_clip_and_cull_distances;
+		std::uint32_t discrete_queue_priorities;
+		std::array<float, 2> point_size_range;
+		std::array<float, 2> line_width_range;
+		float point_size_granularity;
+		float line_width_granularity;
+		Bool32 strict_lines;
+		Bool32 standard_sample_locations;
+		std::size_t optimal_buffer_copy_offset_alignment;
+		std::size_t optimal_buffer_copy_row_pitch_alignment;
+		std::size_t non_coherent_atom_size;
+	};
+
+	struct SparseProperties
+	{
+		Bool32 residency_standard_2d_block_shape;
+		Bool32 residency_standard_2d_multisample_block_shape;
+		Bool32 residency_standard_3d_block_shape;
+		Bool32 residency_aligned_mip_size;
+		Bool32 residency_non_resident_strict;
+	};
+
+	struct Properties
+	{
+		std::uint32_t api_version;
+		std::uint32_t driver_version;
+		std::uint32_t vendor_id;
+		std::uint32_t device_id;
+		Type device_type;
+		std::array<char, constants::max_physical_device_name> device_name;
+		std::array<std::uint8_t, constants::uuid_size> pipeline_cache_uuid;
+		Limits limits;
+		SparseProperties sparse_properties;
+	};
+
+	struct MemoryType
+	{
+		MemoryPropertyFlags::T property_flags;
+		std::uint32_t heap_idx;
+	};
+
+	struct MemoryHeap
+	{
+		std::size_t size;
+		MemoryHeapFlags::T flags;
+	};
+
+	struct MemoryProperties
+	{
+		std::uint32_t memory_type_count;
+		std::array<MemoryType, constants::max_memory_types> memory_types;
+
+		std::uint32_t memory_heap_count;
+		std::array<MemoryHeap, constants::max_memory_heaps> memory_heaps;
+	};
+
+	struct QueueFamilyProperties
+	{
+		QueueFlags::T queue_flags {};
+		std::uint32_t queue_count {};
+		std::uint32_t timestamp_valid_bits {};
+		math::uvec3 min_image_transfer_granularity;
+	};
+
+	[[nodiscard]]
+	static auto enumerate(const Instance &instance) -> std::vector<Gpu>;
+
+	Gpu() = default;
+
+	Gpu(Gpu &&) = default;
+
+	Gpu(const Gpu &) = default;
+
+	auto operator=(Gpu &&) -> Gpu & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const Gpu &) -> Gpu & = default;
+
+	~Gpu();
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_properties() const -> Properties;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_features() const -> Features;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_memory_properties() const -> MemoryProperties;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_queue_family_properties() const -> std::vector<QueueFamilyProperties>;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto queue_family_supports_surface(
+	    const Surface &surface,
+	    std::uint32_t queue_family_idx
+	) const -> bool;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] operator bool() const
+	{
+		return m_physical_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+private:
+	VkPhysicalDevice m_physical_device {};
+
+	VkInstance m_instance {};
+};
+
+class Device
+{
+public:
+	struct CreateInfo
+	{
+		std::set<std::uint32_t> queue_indices;
+
+		std::vector<std::string> extensions;
+
+		Gpu::Features required_gpu_features;
+	};
+
+	Device() = default;
+
+	Device(CreateInfo info);
+
+	Device(Device &&) = default;
+
+	Device(const Device &) = delete;
+
+	auto operator=(Device &&) -> Device & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const Device &) -> Device & = delete;
+
+	~Device();
+
+private:
+	memory::NullOnMove<VkDevice> m_device {};
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto enumerate_instance_extension_properties() -> std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>;
+
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer::vk;
+
+// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+// global functions
+PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vk_get_instance_proc_address {};
+PFN_vkCreateInstance vk_create_instance {};
+PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties {};
+PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties vk_enumerate_instance_layer_properties {};
+
+// instance functions
+PFN_vkDestroyInstance vk_destroy_instance {};
+PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices vk_enumerate_physical_devices {};
+
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vk_get_physical_device_properties {};
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties {};
+PFN_vkCreateDevice vk_create_device {};
+PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr vk_get_device_proc_address {};
+PFN_vkDestroyDevice vk_destroy_device {};
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 vk_get_physical_device_features {};
+PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties vk_enumerate_device_extension_properties {};
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties {};
+
+// extension instance functions
+PFN_vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_begin_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_end_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_insert_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_create_debug_messenger {};
+PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_destroy_debug_messenger {};
+PFN_vkQueueBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_begin_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkQueueEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_end_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkQueueInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_insert_debug_label {};
+PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT vk_set_debug_object_name {};
+PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT vk_set_debug_object_tag {};
+PFN_vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT vk_submit_debug_message {};
+
+// surface instance functions
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_support {};
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities {};
+PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats {};
+
+// device functions
+PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue vk_get_device_queue {};
+PFN_vkCreateCommandPool vk_create_command_pool {};
+PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool vk_destroy_command_pool {};
+PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers vk_allocate_command_buffers {};
+PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers vk_free_command_buffers {};
+PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer vk_begin_command_buffer {};
+PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer vk_end_command_buffer {};
+PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier vk_cmd_pipeline_barrier {};
+PFN_vkQueueSubmit vk_queue_submit {};
+PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle vk_queue_wait_idle {};
+PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vk_device_wait_idle {};
+PFN_vkCreateFence vk_create_fence {};
+PFN_vkDestroyFence vk_destroy_fence {};
+PFN_vkWaitForFences vk_wait_for_fences {};
+PFN_vkResetFences vk_reset_fences {};
+PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vk_create_semaphore {};
+PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vk_destroy_semaphore {};
+PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR vk_create_swapchain_khr {};
+PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR vk_destroy_swapchain_khr {};
+PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vk_get_swapchain_images_khr {};
+PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR vk_acquire_next_image_khr {};
+PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR vk_queue_present_khr {};
+PFN_vkCreateImageView vk_create_image_view {};
+PFN_vkDestroyImageView vk_destroy_image_view {};
+PFN_vkCreateRenderPass vk_create_render_pass {};
+PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass vk_destroy_render_pass {};
+PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer vk_create_frame_buffer {};
+PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer vk_destroy_frame_buffer {};
+PFN_vkCreateShaderModule vk_create_shader_module {};
+PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule vk_destroy_shader_module {};
+PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout vk_create_pipeline_layout {};
+PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout vk_destroy_pipeline_layout {};
+PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines vk_create_graphics_pipelines {};
+PFN_vkDestroyPipeline vk_destroy_pipeline {};
+PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass vk_cmd_begin_render_pass {};
+PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass vk_cmd_end_render_pass {};
+PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline vk_cmd_bind_pipeline {};
+PFN_vkCmdDraw vk_cmd_draw {};
+PFN_vkCmdSetViewport vk_cmd_set_viewport {};
+PFN_vkCmdSetScissor vk_cmd_set_scissors {};
+PFN_vkCmdPushConstants vk_cmd_push_constants {};
+PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer vk_cmd_copy_buffer {};
+
+PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout vk_create_descriptor_set_layout {};
+PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout vk_destroy_descriptor_set_layout {};
+PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool vk_create_descriptor_pool {};
+PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool vk_destroy_descriptor_pool {};
+PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets vk_allocate_descriptor_sets {};
+PFN_vkFreeDescriptorSets vk_free_descriptor_sets {};
+
+PFN_vkCreateBuffer vk_create_buffer {};
+PFN_vkDestroyBuffer vk_destroy_buffer {};
+PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vk_get_buffer_memory_requirements {};
+PFN_vkAllocateMemory vk_allocate_memory {};
+PFN_vkBindBufferMemory vk_bind_buffer_memory {};
+PFN_vkMapMemory vk_map_memory {};
+PFN_vkUnmapMemory vk_unmap_memory {};
+PFN_vkFreeMemory vk_free_memory {};
+
+PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer vk_reset_command_buffer {};
+
+PFN_vkCmdBeginRendering vk_cmd_begin_rendering {};
+PFN_vkCmdEndRendering vk_cmd_end_rendering {};
+
+PFN_vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR vk_create_xlib_surface_khr {};
+PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR vk_destroy_surface_khr {};
+// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+namespace {
+void *library = nullptr; // NOLINT
+}
+
+void load_library()
+{
+	constexpr auto runtime_loader_flags = RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NODELETE;
+	library = dlopen("libvulkan.so.1", runtime_loader_flags);
+	if (!library)
+	{
+		library = dlopen("libvulkan.so", runtime_loader_flags);
+	}
+	lt::debug::ensure(library, "Failed to dlopen vulkan library");
+
+	// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
+	vk_get_instance_proc_address = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>(
+	    dlsym(library, "vkGetInstanceProcAddr")
+	);
+	lt::debug::ensure(
+	    vk_get_instance_proc_address,
+	    "Failed to load vulkan function: vkGetInstanceProcAddr"
+	);
+}
+
+void vkc(VkResult result)
+{
+	if (result)
+	{
+		throw std::runtime_error {
+			std::format("Vulkan call failed with result: {}", std::to_underlying(result))
+		};
+	}
+}
+
+void unload_library()
+{
+	if (!library)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// calling dlclose causes many issues with runtime analyzers
+	// eg. https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/89
+	// with no noticable gains, so we just don't bother closing it.
+
+	// dlclose(library);
+	// library = nullptr;
+}
+
+void load_global_functions()
+{
+	constexpr auto load_fn = []<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
+		// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
+		pfn = reinterpret_cast<T>(vk_get_instance_proc_address(nullptr, fn_name));
+		lt::debug::ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan global function: {}", fn_name);
+		// log::trace("Loaded global function: {}", fn_name);
+	};
+
+	load_fn(vk_create_instance, "vkCreateInstance");
+	load_fn(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties, "vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties");
+	load_fn(vk_enumerate_instance_layer_properties, "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties");
+}
+
+void Instance::load_functions()
+{
+	const auto load_fn = [this]<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
+		pfn = std::bit_cast<T>(vk_get_instance_proc_address(m_instance, fn_name));
+		lt::debug::ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan instance function: {}", fn_name);
+	};
+
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_instance, "vkDestroyInstance");
+	load_fn(vk_enumerate_physical_devices, "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
+	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_properties, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties");
+	load_fn(
+	    vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties,
+	    "vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties"
+	);
+	load_fn(vk_create_device, "vkCreateDevice");
+	load_fn(vk_get_device_proc_address, "vkGetDeviceProcAddr");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_device, "vkDestroyDevice");
+	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_features, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures");
+	load_fn(vk_enumerate_device_extension_properties, "vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties");
+	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties");
+
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_debug_label, "vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_debug_label, "vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_insert_debug_label, "vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_create_debug_messenger, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_debug_messenger, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_begin_debug_label, "vkQueueBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_end_debug_label, "vkQueueEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_insert_debug_label, "vkQueueInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_set_debug_object_name, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_set_debug_object_tag, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT");
+	load_fn(vk_submit_debug_message, "vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT");
+
+	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_surface_support, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR");
+	load_fn(
+	    vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities,
+	    "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR"
+	);
+	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_create_xlib_surface_khr, "vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_surface_khr, "vkDestroySurfaceKHR");
+}
+
+void load_device_functions(VkDevice device)
+{
+	const auto load_fn = [device]<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
+		pfn = std::bit_cast<T>(vk_get_device_proc_address(device, fn_name));
+		lt::debug::ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan device function: {}", fn_name);
+	};
+
+	load_fn(vk_get_device_queue, "vkGetDeviceQueue");
+	load_fn(vk_create_command_pool, "vkCreateCommandPool");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_command_pool, "vkDestroyCommandPool");
+	load_fn(vk_allocate_command_buffers, "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
+	load_fn(vk_free_command_buffers, "vkFreeCommandBuffers");
+	load_fn(vk_begin_command_buffer, "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_end_command_buffer, "vkEndCommandBuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_pipeline_barrier, "vkCmdPipelineBarrier");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_submit, "vkQueueSubmit");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_wait_idle, "vkQueueWaitIdle");
+	load_fn(vk_device_wait_idle, "vkDeviceWaitIdle");
+	load_fn(vk_create_fence, "vkCreateFence");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_fence, "vkDestroyFence");
+	load_fn(vk_wait_for_fences, "vkWaitForFences");
+	load_fn(vk_reset_fences, "vkResetFences");
+	load_fn(vk_create_semaphore, "vkCreateSemaphore");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_semaphore, "vkDestroySemaphore");
+	load_fn(vk_create_swapchain_khr, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_swapchain_khr, "vkDestroySwapchainKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_get_swapchain_images_khr, "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_acquire_next_image_khr, "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_queue_present_khr, "vkQueuePresentKHR");
+	load_fn(vk_create_image_view, "vkCreateImageView");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_image_view, "vkDestroyImageView");
+	load_fn(vk_create_render_pass, "vkCreateRenderPass");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_render_pass, "vkDestroyRenderPass");
+	load_fn(vk_create_frame_buffer, "vkCreateFramebuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_frame_buffer, "vkDestroyFramebuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_create_shader_module, "vkCreateShaderModule");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_shader_module, "vkDestroyShaderModule");
+	load_fn(vk_create_pipeline_layout, "vkCreatePipelineLayout");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_pipeline_layout, "vkDestroyPipelineLayout");
+	load_fn(vk_create_graphics_pipelines, "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_pipeline, "vkDestroyPipeline");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_render_pass, "vkCmdBeginRenderPass");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_render_pass, "vkCmdEndRenderPass");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_bind_pipeline, "vkCmdBindPipeline");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_draw, "vkCmdDraw");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_set_viewport, "vkCmdSetViewport");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_set_scissors, "vkCmdSetScissor");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_push_constants, "vkCmdPushConstants");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_copy_buffer, "vkCmdCopyBuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_create_descriptor_set_layout, "vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_descriptor_set_layout, "vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout");
+	load_fn(vk_create_descriptor_pool, "vkCreateDescriptorPool");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_descriptor_pool, "vkDestroyDescriptorPool");
+	load_fn(vk_allocate_descriptor_sets, "vkAllocateDescriptorSets");
+	load_fn(vk_free_descriptor_sets, "vkFreeDescriptorSets");
+	load_fn(vk_create_buffer, "vkCreateBuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_destroy_buffer, "vkDestroyBuffer");
+	load_fn(vk_allocate_memory, "vkAllocateMemory");
+	load_fn(vk_bind_buffer_memory, "vkBindBufferMemory");
+	load_fn(vk_map_memory, "vkMapMemory");
+	load_fn(vk_unmap_memory, "vkUnmapMemory");
+	load_fn(vk_free_memory, "vkFreeMemory");
+	load_fn(vk_get_buffer_memory_requirements, "vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements");
+	load_fn(vk_reset_command_buffer, "vkResetCommandBuffer");
+
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_rendering, "vkCmdBeginRendering");
+	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_rendering, "vkCmdEndRendering");
+}
+
+Instance::Instance(CreateInfo info)
+{
+	const auto layer_setting_type_visitor = overloads {
+		[](const std::vector<const char *> &) { return VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_STRING_EXT; },
+		[](std::uint32_t) { return VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_UINT32_EXT; },
+		[](bool) { return VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT; },
+	};
+
+	const auto layer_setting_value_visitor = overloads {
+		[](std::vector<const char *> values) { return std::bit_cast<void *>(values.data()); },
+		[](std::uint32_t value) { return std::bit_cast<void *>(&value); },
+		[](bool value) { return std::bit_cast<void *>(&value); },
+	};
+
+	auto layer_settings = std::vector<VkLayerSettingEXT> {};
+	auto layer_names = std::vector<const char *> {};
+	auto extension_names = std::vector<const char *> {};
+
+	for (const auto &layer : info.layers)
+	{
+		layer_names.emplace_back(layer.name.c_str());
+		for (const auto &setting : layer.settings)
+		{
+			layer_settings.emplace_back(
+			    VkLayerSettingEXT {
+			        .pLayerName = layer.name.c_str(),
+			        .pSettingName = setting.name.c_str(),
+			        .type = std::visit(layer_setting_type_visitor, setting.values),
+			        .valueCount = 1u,
+			        .pValues = std::visit(layer_setting_value_visitor, setting.values),
+			    }
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	const auto layer_settings_create_info = VkLayerSettingsCreateInfoEXT {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LAYER_SETTINGS_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+		.settingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(layer_settings.size()),
+		.pSettings = layer_settings.data(),
+	};
+
+	auto vk_info = VkInstanceCreateInfo {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+		.pNext = &layer_settings_create_info,
+		.flags = {},
+		.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(info.layers.size()),
+		.ppEnabledLayerNames = layer_names.data(),
+		.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(info.extensions.size()),
+		.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extension_names.data(),
+	};
+
+	vkc(vk_create_instance(&vk_info, nullptr, &m_instance));
+	debug::ensure(m_instance, "Failed to create vulkan instance");
+}
+
+Surface::Surface(const Instance &instance, const XlibCreateInfo &info)
+    : m_instance(instance.m_instance)
+{
+	const auto vk_info = VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XLIB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+		.pNext = {},
+		.flags = {},
+		.dpy = info.display,
+		.window = info.window,
+	};
+
+	vkc(vk_create_xlib_surface_khr(instance.m_instance, &vk_info, nullptr, &m_surface));
+}
+
+Surface::~Surface()
+{
+	vk_destroy_surface_khr(m_instance, m_surface, nullptr);
+}
+
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+/* static */ auto Gpu::enumerate(const Instance &instance) -> std::vector<Gpu>
+{
+	auto count = 0u;
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(instance.m_instance, &count, nullptr));
+	debug::ensure(count != 0u, "Failed to find any gpus with Vulkan support");
+
+	auto vk_gpus = std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>(count);
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(instance.m_instance, &count, vk_gpus.data()));
+
+	auto gpus = std::vector<Gpu>(count);
+	for (auto [vk_gpu, gpu] : std::views::zip(vk_gpus, gpus))
+	{
+		gpu.m_instance = instance.m_instance;
+		gpu.m_physical_device = vk_gpu;
+	}
+
+	return gpus;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::queue_family_supports_surface(
+    const Surface &surface,
+    std::uint32_t queue_family_idx
+) const -> bool
+{
+	auto supported = VkBool32 { false };
+	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_support(
+	    m_physical_device,
+	    queue_family_idx,
+	    surface.m_surface,
+	    &supported
+	));
+	return supported;
+}
+
+Device::Device(CreateInfo info)
+{
+}
+
+Device::~Device()
+{
+	if (m_device)
+	{
+		vk_destroy_device(m_device, nullptr);
+	}
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto enumerate_instance_extension_properties() -> std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>
+{
+	auto count = 0u;
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, nullptr));
+
+	auto extensions = std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>(count);
+	std::memset(extensions.data(), 0, extensions.size() * sizeof(VkExtensionProperties));
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, extensions.data()));
+
+	return extensions;
+}
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/library_wrapper.cppma
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/library_wrapper.cppma
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+module;
+#define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
+#define VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
+
+export module renderer.backend.vk.library_wrapper;
+import std;
+// import renderer.backend.vk.library_loader;
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+class Device
+{
+public:
+	struct CreateInfo
+	{
+		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queue_create_infos;
+
+		std::vector<std::string> layers;
+
+		std::vector<std::string> extensions;
+
+		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features;
+	};
+
+	Device() = default;
+
+	Device(CreateInfo info)
+	{
+	}
+
+	~Device()
+	{
+		if (m_device)
+		{
+			vk_destroy_device(m_device, nullptr);
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	VkDevice m_device {};
+};
+
+}; // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
+export namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+using Version_T = uint32_t;
+
+struct ApplicationInfo
+{
+	std::string_view name;
+
+	Version_T version;
+
+	std::string_view *engine_name;
+
+	Version_T engine_version;
+
+	Version_T api_version;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto enumerate_instance_extension_properties() -> std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>
+{
+	auto count = 0u;
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, nullptr));
+
+	auto extensions = std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>(count);
+	std::memset(extensions.data(), 0, extensions.size() * sizeof(VkExtensionProperties));
+	vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, extensions.data()));
+
+	return extensions;
+}
+
+struct VkInstanceCreateInfo
+{
+	VkInstanceCreateFlags flags;
+
+	ApplicationInfo application_info;
+
+	std::vector<const char **> layers;
+
+	std::vector<const char **> extensions;
+
+	const void *next;
+};
+
+class Instance
+{
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] auto create_instance() -> VkInstance
+{
+	return VkInstanceCreateInfo
+	{
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.cpp
@ -1,8 +1,58 @@
-#include <logger/logger.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/messenger.hpp>
+export module renderer.backends.vk.messenger;
+
+import memory.null_on_move;
+import renderer.backends.vk.instance;
+import renderer.backends.vk.raii;
+import renderer.backends.vk.library;
+import std;
+

 namespace lt::renderer::vk {

+class Messenger: public IMessenger
+{
+public:
+	Messenger(IInstance *instance, CreateInfo info);
+
+private:
+	static auto native_callback(
+	    VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity,
+	    VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
+	    const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *callback_data,
+	    void *vulkan_user_data
+	) -> VkBool32;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] static auto to_native_severity(MessageSeverity severity)
+	    -> VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] static auto from_native_severity(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severity)
+	    -> MessageSeverity;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] static auto to_native_type(MessageType type) -> VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] static auto from_native_type(VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type) -> MessageType;
+
+	class Instance *m_instance {};
+
+	raii::DebugMessenger m_debug_messenger;
+
+	MessageSeverity m_severities {};
+
+	MessageType m_types {};
+
+	Callback_T m_user_callback;
+
+	std::any m_user_data;
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
+
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer::vk;
+
+import logger;
+
 Messenger::Messenger(IInstance *instance, CreateInfo info)
    : m_instance(static_cast<Instance *>(instance))
    , m_user_data(std::move(info.user_data))
@ -162,5 +212,3 @@ Messenger::Messenger(IInstance *instance, CreateInfo info)

 	return static_cast<MessageType>(flags);
 }
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/raii/raii.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/raii/raii.hpp
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>


-namespace lt::renderer::vk::raii {
+export namespace lt::renderer::vk::raii {

 class DebugMessenger
 {
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/pass.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/pass.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/pass.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/pass.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/renderer.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/renderer.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/renderer.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/renderer/renderer.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/backends/vk/utils.cppm
+++ b/modules/renderer/backends/vk/utils.cppm
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer::vk {
+
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/public/components/sprite.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/components/sprite.hpp
@ -1,45 +1,43 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <assets/shader.hpp>
-#include <math/vec3.hpp>
-#include <memory/reference.hpp>
+export module renderer.components;
+import assets.shader;
+import math.vec3;
+import memory.reference;
+import std;

 namespace lt::renderer::components {

-enum class VertexFormat : uint8_t
-{
+export enum class VertexFormat: std::uint8_t {
 	r32_g32_b32_sfloat,

 	r32_g32_sfloat,
 };

-enum class VertexInputRate : uint8_t
-{
+export enum class VertexInputRate: std::uint8_t {
 	per_vertex,

 	per_instance,
 };

-struct VertexInputAttributeDescriptipn
+export struct VertexInputAttributeDescriptipn
 {
-	uint32_t location;
+	std::uint32_t location;

-	uint32_t binding;
+	std::uint32_t binding;

-	uint32_t offset;
+	std::uint32_t offset;

 	VertexFormat format;
 };

-struct VertexInputBindingDescription
+export struct VertexInputBindingDescription
 {
-	uint32_t binding;
+	std::uint32_t binding;

-	uint32_t stride;
+	std::uint32_t stride;
 };

 /** Requires a math::components::Transform component on the same entity to be functional. */
-struct Sprite
+export struct Sprite
 {
 	struct Vertex
 	{
--- a/modules/renderer/public/data/frame_constants.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/data/frame_constants.hpp
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#pragma once
+export module renderer.data;

 #include <math/mat4.hpp>

 namespace lt::renderer {

-struct FrameConstants
+export struct FrameConstants
 {
 	math::mat4 view_projection;
 };
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.hpp
@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
-
+export module.renderer.frontend.device;
 namespace lt::renderer {

 class IDevice
 {
 public:
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto create(Api target_api, class IGpu *gpu, class ISurface *surface)
-	    -> memory::Scope<IDevice>;
-
 	IDevice() = default;

 	virtual ~IDevice() = default;
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/gpu.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/gpu.hpp
@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
+export module renderer.frontend.gpu;

 namespace lt::renderer {

-class IGpu
+export class IGpu
 {
 public:
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto create(Api target_api, class IInstance *instance)
-	    -> memory::Scope<IGpu>;
-
 	IGpu() = default;

 	virtual ~IGpu() = default;
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.hpp
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
+export module renderer.frontend.instance;
+import renderer.api;

 namespace lt::renderer {

-class IInstance
+export class IInstance
 {
 public:
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto get(Api target_api) -> IInstance *;
+	// [[nodiscard]] static auto get(Api target_api) -> IInstance *;
 	IInstance() = default;

 	virtual ~IInstance() = default;
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.hpp
@ -1,21 +1,14 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ecs/entity.hpp>
-#include <math/vec2.hpp>
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
+export module renderer.frontend.surface;
+import ecs.entity;
+import math.vec2;
+import renderer.api;
+import memory.scope;

 namespace lt::renderer {

-class ISurface
+export class ISurface
 {
 public:
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto create(
-	    Api target_api,
-	    class IInstance *instance,
-	    const ecs::Entity &surface_entity
-	) -> memory::Scope<ISurface>;
-
 	ISurface() = default;

 	virtual ~ISurface() = default;
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp
@ -29,3 +29,28 @@ public:
 };

 } // namespace lt::renderer
+
+
+#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/swapchain.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer {
+
+[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto ISwapchain::create(
+    Api target_api,
+    ISurface *surface,
+    IGpu *gpu,
+    IDevice *device
+) -> memory::Scope<ISwapchain>
+{
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Swapchain>(surface, gpu, device);
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
+}
+
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/data/buffer.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/public/frontend/messenger.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/frontend/messenger.hpp
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <bitwise/operations.hpp>
-#include <ecs/entity.hpp>
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
+export module renderer.frontend.messenger;
+import debug.assertions;
+import memory.scope;
+import renderer.api;
+import bitwise;
+import std;

 namespace lt::renderer {

-class IMessenger
+export class IMessenger
 {
 public:
-	enum class MessageSeverity : uint8_t
+	enum class MessageSeverity : std::uint8_t
 	{
 		none = 0u,

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public:
 		all = verbose | info | warning | error,
 	};

-	enum class MessageType : uint8_t
+	enum class MessageType : std::uint8_t
 	{
 		none = 0u,
 		general = bitwise::bit(0u),
@ -72,3 +72,32 @@ public:
 };

 } // namespace lt::renderer
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer;
+
+import renderer.backends.vk.messenger;
+
+[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto IMessenger::create(
+    Api target_api,
+    IInstance *instance,
+    CreateInfo info
+) -> memory::Scope<IMessenger>
+{
+	debug::ensure(
+	    info.severities != MessageSeverity::none,
+	    "Failed to create vk::Messenger: severities == none"
+	);
+
+	debug::ensure(info.types != MessageType::none, "Failed to create vk::Messenger: types == none");
+
+	debug::ensure(info.callback, "Failed to create vk::Messenger: null callback");
+
+	switch (target_api)
+	{
+	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Messenger>(instance, std::move(info));
+	case Api::none:
+	case Api::metal:
+	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
+	}
+}
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/pass.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/renderer/renderer.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/device.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/device.hpp
@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Device: public IDevice
-{
-public:
-	Device(IGpu *gpu, ISurface *surface);
-
-	~Device() override;
-
-	Device(Device &&) = default;
-
-	Device(const Device &) = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(Device &&) -> Device & = default;
-
-	auto operator=(const Device &) const -> Device & = delete;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkDevice
-	{
-		return m_device;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_family_indices() const -> std::array<uint32_t, 2>
-	{
-		return { m_graphics_queue_family_index, m_present_queue_family_index };
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_graphics_queue() const -> VkQueue
-	{
-		return m_graphics_queue;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_present_queue() const -> VkQueue
-	{
-		return m_present_queue;
-	}
-
-	/** utilities */
-	template<typename T, typename... Args>
-	void name(const T &object, std::format_string<Args...> fmt, Args &&...args)
-	{
-		const auto name = std::format(fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-		auto info = VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT,
-			.objectType = get_object_type(object),
-			.objectHandle = (uint64_t)(object),
-			.pObjectName = name.c_str(),
-		};
-
-		vk_set_debug_object_name(m_device, &info);
-	}
-
-	template<typename T>
-	void name(const T &object, const char *name)
-	{
-		auto info = VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT,
-			.objectType = get_object_type(object),
-			.objectHandle = (uint64_t)(object),
-			.pObjectName = name,
-		};
-
-		vk_set_debug_object_name(m_device, &info);
-	}
-
-
-	/** work functions */
-	void submit(VkSubmitInfo info, VkFence fence) const;
-
-	void present(VkPresentInfoKHR info) const;
-
-	void wait_idle() const;
-
-	void wait_for_fence(VkFence fence) const;
-
-	void wait_for_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
-
-	void reset_fence(VkFence fence) const;
-
-	void reset_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
-
-	/** getter functions */
-	[[nodiscard]] auto acquire_image(
-	    VkSwapchainKHR swapchain,
-	    VkSemaphore semaphore,
-	    uint64_t timeout = 100'000'000
-	) -> std::optional<uint32_t>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_swapchain_images(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain) const -> std::vector<VkImage>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_memory_requirements(VkBuffer buffer) const -> VkMemoryRequirements;
-
-	/** binders / mappers  */
-	void bind_memory(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory memory, size_t offset = 0u) const;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto map_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory, size_t size, size_t offset) const
-	    -> std::span<std::byte>;
-
-	void unmap_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory);
-
-	/** create functions */
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_swapchain(VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR info) const -> VkSwapchainKHR;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_framebuffer(VkFramebufferCreateInfo info) const -> VkFramebuffer;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_image_view(VkImageViewCreateInfo info) const -> VkImageView;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_graphics_pipeline(VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo info) const
-	    -> VkPipeline;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_pass(VkRenderPassCreateInfo info) const -> VkRenderPass;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_pipeline_layout(
-	    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> descriptor_set_layout,
-	    std::vector<VkPushConstantRange> push_constant_ranges
-	) const -> VkPipelineLayout;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_shader_module(VkShaderModuleCreateInfo info) const -> VkShaderModule;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_command_pool(VkCommandPoolCreateInfo info) const -> VkCommandPool;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_semaphores(uint32_t count) const -> std::vector<VkSemaphore>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_fences(VkFenceCreateInfo info, uint32_t count) const
-	    -> std::vector<VkFence>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_buffer(VkBufferCreateInfo info) const -> VkBuffer;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_descriptor_set_layout(VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo info) const
-	    -> VkDescriptorSetLayout;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_desscriptor_pool(VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo info) const
-	    -> VkDescriptorPool;
-
-	/** allocation functions */
-	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_memory(VkMemoryAllocateInfo info) const -> VkDeviceMemory;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_command_buffers(VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo info) const
-	    -> std::vector<VkCommandBuffer>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto allocate_descriptor_set(VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo info) const
-	    -> VkDescriptorSet;
-
-	/** de-allocation functions */
-	void free_memory(VkDeviceMemory memory) const;
-
-	void free_descriptor_set(
-	    VkDescriptorPool descriptor_pool,
-	    VkDescriptorSet descriptor_set
-	) const;
-
-	/** destroy functions */
-	void destroy_swapchain(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain) const;
-
-	void destroy_framebuffer(VkFramebuffer framebuffer) const;
-
-	void destroy_framebuffers(std::span<VkFramebuffer> framebuffers) const;
-
-	void destroy_image_view(VkImageView image_view) const;
-
-	void destroy_image_views(std::span<VkImageView> image_views) const;
-
-	void destroy_pipeline(VkPipeline pipeline) const;
-
-	void destroy_pass(VkRenderPass pass) const;
-
-	void destroy_pipeline_layout(VkPipelineLayout pipeline_layout) const;
-
-	void destroy_shader_module(VkShaderModule shader_module) const;
-
-	void destroy_command_pool(VkCommandPool command_pool) const;
-
-	void destroy_semaphore(VkSemaphore semaphore) const;
-
-	void destroy_semaphores(std::span<VkSemaphore> semaphores) const;
-
-	void destroy_fence(VkFence fence) const;
-
-	void destroy_fences(std::span<VkFence> fences) const;
-
-	void destroy_buffer(VkBuffer buffer) const;
-
-	void destroy_descriptor_set_layout(VkDescriptorSetLayout layout) const;
-
-	void destroy_descriptor_pool(VkDescriptorPool pool) const;
-
-private:
-	template<typename T>
-	static auto get_object_type(const T &object) -> VkObjectType
-	{
-		std::ignore = object;
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkQueue>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_QUEUE;
-		}
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkFence>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_FENCE;
-		}
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkSemaphore>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SEMAPHORE;
-		}
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkSwapchainKHR>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_KHR;
-		}
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkImage>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE;
-		}
-
-		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, VkImageView>)
-		{
-			return VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW;
-		}
-
-		static_assert("invalid type");
-	}
-
-
-	void initialize_physical_device();
-
-	void initialize_logical_device();
-
-	void initialize_queue_indices();
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto find_suitable_queue_family() const -> uint32_t;
-
-	memory::NullOnMove<class Gpu *> m_gpu {};
-
-	class Surface *m_surface {};
-
-	VkAllocationCallbacks *m_allocator = nullptr;
-
-	VkDevice m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	VkQueue m_graphics_queue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	VkQueue m_present_queue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	uint32_t m_graphics_queue_family_index = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
-
-	uint32_t m_present_queue_family_index = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/gpu.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/gpu.cpp
@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/utils.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-Gpu::Gpu(IInstance *instance)
-    : m_descriptor_indexing_features(
-          { .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DESCRIPTOR_INDEXING_FEATURES }
-      )
-{
-	auto gpus = static_cast<Instance *>(instance)->enumerate_gpus();
-
-	for (auto &gpu : gpus)
-	{
-		auto properties = VkPhysicalDeviceProperties {};
-		auto features = VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2,
-			.pNext = &m_descriptor_indexing_features
-		};
-
-		vk_get_physical_device_properties(gpu, &properties);
-		vk_get_physical_device_features(gpu, &features);
-
-		if (properties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU
-		    && features.features.geometryShader)
-		{
-			m_gpu = gpu;
-		}
-	}
-	ensure(m_gpu, "Failed to find any suitable Vulkan physical device");
-
-
-	vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties(m_gpu, &m_memory_properties);
-
-	auto count = uint32_t { 0u };
-	vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(m_gpu, &count, nullptr);
-	m_queue_family_properties.resize(count);
-	vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(m_gpu, &count, m_queue_family_properties.data());
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::queue_family_supports_presentation(
-    VkSurfaceKHR surface,
-    uint32_t queue_family_idx
-) -> bool
-{
-	auto supported = VkBool32 { false };
-	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_support(m_gpu, queue_family_idx, surface, &supported));
-
-	return supported;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::get_surface_capabilities(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
-    -> VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR
-{
-	auto capabilities = VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR {};
-	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(m_gpu, surface, &capabilities));
-	return capabilities;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::get_surface_formats(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
-    -> std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>
-{
-	auto count = uint32_t { 0u };
-	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats(m_gpu, surface, &count, nullptr));
-
-	auto formats = std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>(count);
-	vkc(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats(m_gpu, surface, &count, formats.data()));
-
-	return formats;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Gpu::create_device(VkDeviceCreateInfo info) const -> VkDevice
-{
-	auto *device = VkDevice {};
-	vkc(vk_create_device(m_gpu, &info, nullptr, &device));
-	return device;
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/gpu.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/gpu.hpp
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/instance.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Gpu: public IGpu
-{
-public:
-	Gpu(IInstance *instance);
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto queue_family_supports_presentation(
-	    VkSurfaceKHR surface,
-	    uint32_t queue_family_idx
-	) -> bool;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_surface_capabilities(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
-	    -> VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_surface_formats(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
-	    -> std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_device(VkDeviceCreateInfo info) const -> VkDevice;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_properties() const -> VkPhysicalDeviceProperties
-	{
-		return m_properties;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_descriptor_indexing_features() const
-	    -> VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeatures
-	{
-		return m_descriptor_indexing_features;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_memory_properties() const -> VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties
-	{
-		return m_memory_properties;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_queue_family_properties() const -> std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties>
-	{
-		return m_queue_family_properties;
-	}
-
-private:
-	memory::NullOnMove<VkPhysicalDevice> m_gpu = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	VkPhysicalDeviceProperties m_properties {};
-
-	VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeatures m_descriptor_indexing_features;
-
-	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties m_memory_properties {};
-
-	std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> m_queue_family_properties;
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.cpp
@ -1,457 +0,0 @@
-#include <app/system.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/utils.hpp>
-#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-	#error "Unsupported platform (currently)"
-#elif defined(__unix__)
-	#include <dlfcn.h>
-namespace {
-void *library = nullptr; // NOLINT
-}
-#endif
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-// global functions
-PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vk_get_instance_proc_address {};
-PFN_vkCreateInstance vk_create_instance {};
-PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties {};
-PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties vk_enumerate_instance_layer_properties {};
-
-// instance functions
-PFN_vkDestroyInstance vk_destroy_instance {};
-PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices vk_enumerate_physical_devices {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vk_get_physical_device_properties {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties {};
-PFN_vkCreateDevice vk_create_device {};
-PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr vk_get_device_proc_address {};
-PFN_vkDestroyDevice vk_destroy_device {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 vk_get_physical_device_features {};
-PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties vk_enumerate_device_extension_properties {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties {};
-
-// extension instance functions
-PFN_vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_begin_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_end_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_insert_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_create_debug_messenger {};
-PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_destroy_debug_messenger {};
-PFN_vkQueueBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_begin_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkQueueEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_end_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkQueueInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_insert_debug_label {};
-PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT vk_set_debug_object_name {};
-PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT vk_set_debug_object_tag {};
-PFN_vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT vk_submit_debug_message {};
-
-// device functions
-PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue vk_get_device_queue {};
-PFN_vkCreateCommandPool vk_create_command_pool {};
-PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool vk_destroy_command_pool {};
-PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers vk_allocate_command_buffers {};
-PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers vk_free_command_buffers {};
-PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer vk_begin_command_buffer {};
-PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer vk_end_command_buffer {};
-PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier vk_cmd_pipeline_barrier {};
-PFN_vkQueueSubmit vk_queue_submit {};
-PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle vk_queue_wait_idle {};
-PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vk_device_wait_idle {};
-PFN_vkCreateFence vk_create_fence {};
-PFN_vkDestroyFence vk_destroy_fence {};
-PFN_vkWaitForFences vk_wait_for_fences {};
-PFN_vkResetFences vk_reset_fences {};
-PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vk_create_semaphore {};
-PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vk_destroy_semaphore {};
-PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR vk_create_swapchain_khr {};
-PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR vk_destroy_swapchain_khr {};
-PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vk_get_swapchain_images_khr {};
-PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR vk_acquire_next_image_khr {};
-PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR vk_queue_present_khr {};
-PFN_vkCreateImageView vk_create_image_view {};
-PFN_vkDestroyImageView vk_destroy_image_view {};
-PFN_vkCreateRenderPass vk_create_render_pass {};
-PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass vk_destroy_render_pass {};
-PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer vk_create_frame_buffer {};
-PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer vk_destroy_frame_buffer {};
-PFN_vkCreateShaderModule vk_create_shader_module {};
-PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule vk_destroy_shader_module {};
-PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout vk_create_pipeline_layout {};
-PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout vk_destroy_pipeline_layout {};
-PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines vk_create_graphics_pipelines {};
-PFN_vkDestroyPipeline vk_destroy_pipeline {};
-PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass vk_cmd_begin_render_pass {};
-PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass vk_cmd_end_render_pass {};
-PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline vk_cmd_bind_pipeline {};
-PFN_vkCmdDraw vk_cmd_draw {};
-PFN_vkCmdSetViewport vk_cmd_set_viewport {};
-PFN_vkCmdSetScissor vk_cmd_set_scissors {};
-PFN_vkCmdPushConstants vk_cmd_push_constants {};
-PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer vk_cmd_copy_buffer {};
-
-PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout vk_create_descriptor_set_layout {};
-PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout vk_destroy_descriptor_set_layout {};
-PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool vk_create_descriptor_pool {};
-PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool vk_destroy_descriptor_pool {};
-PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets vk_allocate_descriptor_sets {};
-PFN_vkFreeDescriptorSets vk_free_descriptor_sets {};
-
-PFN_vkCreateBuffer vk_create_buffer {};
-PFN_vkDestroyBuffer vk_destroy_buffer {};
-PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vk_get_buffer_memory_requirements {};
-PFN_vkAllocateMemory vk_allocate_memory {};
-PFN_vkBindBufferMemory vk_bind_buffer_memory {};
-PFN_vkMapMemory vk_map_memory {};
-PFN_vkUnmapMemory vk_unmap_memory {};
-PFN_vkFreeMemory vk_free_memory {};
-
-PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer vk_reset_command_buffer {};
-
-PFN_vkCmdBeginRendering vk_cmd_begin_rendering {};
-PFN_vkCmdEndRendering vk_cmd_end_rendering {};
-
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_support {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities {};
-PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats {};
-
-auto vk_create_xlib_surface_khr = PFN_vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR {};
-auto vk_destroy_surface_khr = PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR {};
-
-// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-
-Instance::Instance()
-{
-	load_library();
-	load_global_functions();
-
-	initialize_instance();
-	load_instance_functions();
-}
-
-Instance::~Instance()
-{
-	vk_destroy_instance(m_instance, nullptr);
-	unload_library();
-}
-
-void Instance::initialize_instance()
-{
-	auto app_info = VkApplicationInfo {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
-		.pApplicationName = "Hallo Hallo Hallo :3",
-		.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 4, 0),
-		.pEngineName = "light",
-		.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 4, 0),
-		.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_4,
-	};
-
-	auto extensions = std::vector<const char *> {
-		VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME,
-		VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
-		VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
-		VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
-	};
-
-	const char *layer_name = "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation";
-	const auto setting_validate_core = VkBool32 { VK_TRUE };
-	const auto setting_validate_sync = VkBool32 { VK_TRUE };
-	const auto setting_thread_safety = VkBool32 { VK_TRUE };
-	const auto *setting_debug_action = "";
-	const auto setting_enable_message_limit = VkBool32 { VK_TRUE };
-	const auto setting_duplicate_message_limit = uint32_t { UINT32_MAX };
-	auto setting_report_flags = std::array<const char *, 5> {
-		"info", "warn", "perf", "error", "verbose",
-	};
-
-	const auto settings = std::array<VkLayerSettingEXT, 7>({
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "validate_core",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1,
-	        .pValues = &setting_validate_core,
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "validate_sync",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1,
-	        .pValues = &setting_validate_sync,
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "thread_safety",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1,
-	        .pValues = &setting_thread_safety,
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "debug_action",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_STRING_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1,
-	        .pValues = static_cast<const void *>(&setting_debug_action),
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "report_flags",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_STRING_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = setting_report_flags.size(),
-	        .pValues = static_cast<const void *>(setting_report_flags.data()),
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "enable_message_limit",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1,
-	        .pValues = &setting_enable_message_limit,
-	    },
-	    VkLayerSettingEXT {
-	        .pLayerName = layer_name,
-	        .pSettingName = "duplicate_message_limit",
-	        .type = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_UINT32_EXT,
-	        .valueCount = 1u,
-	        .pValues = &setting_duplicate_message_limit,
-	    },
-	});
-
-	const VkLayerSettingsCreateInfoEXT layer_settings_create_info = {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LAYER_SETTINGS_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
-		.settingCount = settings.size(),
-		.pSettings = settings.data(),
-	};
-
-	auto layers = std::vector<const char *> {
-		"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
-	};
-
-	auto instance_info = VkInstanceCreateInfo {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
-		.pNext = &layer_settings_create_info,
-		.pApplicationInfo = &app_info,
-		.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(layers.size()),
-		.ppEnabledLayerNames = layers.data(),
-		.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()),
-		.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data(),
-	};
-
-	{
-		auto count = 0u;
-		vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, nullptr));
-
-		auto extensions = std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>(count);
-		memset(extensions.data(), 0, extensions.size() * sizeof(VkExtensionProperties));
-		vkc(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties(nullptr, &count, extensions.data()));
-
-		// log::info("Available vulkan instance extensions:");
-		for (auto &ext : extensions)
-		{
-			// log::info("\t{} @ {}", ext.extensionName, ext.specVersion);
-		}
-	}
-
-	vkc(vk_create_instance(&instance_info, nullptr, &m_instance));
-	ensure(m_instance, "Failed to create vulkan instance");
-}
-
-void Instance::load_library()
-{
-	constexpr auto runtime_loader_flags = RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NODELETE;
-	library = dlopen("libvulkan.so.1", runtime_loader_flags);
-	if (!library)
-	{
-		library = dlopen("libvulkan.so", runtime_loader_flags);
-	}
-	ensure(library, "Failed to dlopen vulkan library");
-
-	// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
-	vk_get_instance_proc_address = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>(
-	    dlsym(library, "vkGetInstanceProcAddr")
-	);
-	ensure(vk_get_instance_proc_address, "Failed to load vulkan function: vkGetInstanceProcAddr");
-}
-
-void Instance::unload_library()
-{
-	if (!library)
-	{
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// calling dlclose causes many issues with runtime analyzers
-	// eg. https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/89
-	// with no noticable gains, so we just don't bother closing it.
-
-	// dlclose(library);
-	// library = nullptr;
-}
-
-void Instance::load_global_functions()
-{
-	constexpr auto load_fn = []<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
-		// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
-		pfn = reinterpret_cast<T>(vk_get_instance_proc_address(nullptr, fn_name));
-		ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan global function: {}", fn_name);
-		// log::trace("Loaded global function: {}", fn_name);
-	};
-
-	load_fn(vk_create_instance, "vkCreateInstance");
-	load_fn(vk_enumerate_instance_extension_properties, "vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties");
-	load_fn(vk_enumerate_instance_layer_properties, "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties");
-}
-
-void Instance::load_instance_functions()
-{
-	const auto load_fn = [&]<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
-		// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
-		pfn = reinterpret_cast<T>(vk_get_instance_proc_address(m_instance, fn_name));
-		ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan instance function: {}", fn_name);
-		// log::trace("Loaded instance function: {}", fn_name);
-	};
-
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_instance, "vkDestroyInstance");
-	load_fn(vk_enumerate_physical_devices, "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
-	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_properties, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties");
-	load_fn(
-	    vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties,
-	    "vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties"
-	);
-	load_fn(vk_create_device, "vkCreateDevice");
-	load_fn(vk_get_device_proc_address, "vkGetDeviceProcAddr");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_device, "vkDestroyDevice");
-	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_features, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures");
-	load_fn(vk_enumerate_device_extension_properties, "vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties");
-	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties");
-
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_debug_label, "vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_debug_label, "vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_insert_debug_label, "vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_create_debug_messenger, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_debug_messenger, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_begin_debug_label, "vkQueueBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_end_debug_label, "vkQueueEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_insert_debug_label, "vkQueueInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_set_debug_object_name, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_set_debug_object_tag, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT");
-	load_fn(vk_submit_debug_message, "vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT");
-
-	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_surface_support, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR");
-	load_fn(
-	    vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities,
-	    "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR"
-	);
-	load_fn(vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_create_xlib_surface_khr, "vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_surface_khr, "vkDestroySurfaceKHR");
-}
-
-void Instance::load_device_functions_impl(VkDevice device)
-{
-	const auto load_fn = [&]<typename T>(T &pfn, const char *fn_name) {
-		// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
-		pfn = reinterpret_cast<T>(vk_get_device_proc_address(device, fn_name));
-		ensure(pfn, "Failed to load vulkan device function: {}", fn_name);
-		// log::trace("Loaded device function: {}", fn_name);
-	};
-
-	load_fn(vk_get_device_queue, "vkGetDeviceQueue");
-	load_fn(vk_create_command_pool, "vkCreateCommandPool");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_command_pool, "vkDestroyCommandPool");
-	load_fn(vk_allocate_command_buffers, "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
-	load_fn(vk_free_command_buffers, "vkFreeCommandBuffers");
-	load_fn(vk_begin_command_buffer, "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_end_command_buffer, "vkEndCommandBuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_pipeline_barrier, "vkCmdPipelineBarrier");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_submit, "vkQueueSubmit");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_wait_idle, "vkQueueWaitIdle");
-	load_fn(vk_device_wait_idle, "vkDeviceWaitIdle");
-	load_fn(vk_create_fence, "vkCreateFence");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_fence, "vkDestroyFence");
-	load_fn(vk_wait_for_fences, "vkWaitForFences");
-	load_fn(vk_reset_fences, "vkResetFences");
-	load_fn(vk_create_semaphore, "vkCreateSemaphore");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_semaphore, "vkDestroySemaphore");
-	load_fn(vk_create_swapchain_khr, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_swapchain_khr, "vkDestroySwapchainKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_get_swapchain_images_khr, "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_acquire_next_image_khr, "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_queue_present_khr, "vkQueuePresentKHR");
-	load_fn(vk_create_image_view, "vkCreateImageView");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_image_view, "vkDestroyImageView");
-	load_fn(vk_create_render_pass, "vkCreateRenderPass");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_render_pass, "vkDestroyRenderPass");
-	load_fn(vk_create_frame_buffer, "vkCreateFramebuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_frame_buffer, "vkDestroyFramebuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_create_shader_module, "vkCreateShaderModule");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_shader_module, "vkDestroyShaderModule");
-	load_fn(vk_create_pipeline_layout, "vkCreatePipelineLayout");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_pipeline_layout, "vkDestroyPipelineLayout");
-	load_fn(vk_create_graphics_pipelines, "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_pipeline, "vkDestroyPipeline");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_render_pass, "vkCmdBeginRenderPass");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_render_pass, "vkCmdEndRenderPass");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_bind_pipeline, "vkCmdBindPipeline");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_draw, "vkCmdDraw");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_set_viewport, "vkCmdSetViewport");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_set_scissors, "vkCmdSetScissor");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_push_constants, "vkCmdPushConstants");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_copy_buffer, "vkCmdCopyBuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_create_descriptor_set_layout, "vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_descriptor_set_layout, "vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout");
-	load_fn(vk_create_descriptor_pool, "vkCreateDescriptorPool");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_descriptor_pool, "vkDestroyDescriptorPool");
-	load_fn(vk_allocate_descriptor_sets, "vkAllocateDescriptorSets");
-	load_fn(vk_free_descriptor_sets, "vkFreeDescriptorSets");
-	load_fn(vk_create_buffer, "vkCreateBuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_destroy_buffer, "vkDestroyBuffer");
-	load_fn(vk_allocate_memory, "vkAllocateMemory");
-	load_fn(vk_bind_buffer_memory, "vkBindBufferMemory");
-	load_fn(vk_map_memory, "vkMapMemory");
-	load_fn(vk_unmap_memory, "vkUnmapMemory");
-	load_fn(vk_free_memory, "vkFreeMemory");
-	load_fn(vk_get_buffer_memory_requirements, "vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements");
-	load_fn(vk_reset_command_buffer, "vkResetCommandBuffer");
-
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_begin_rendering, "vkCmdBeginRendering");
-	load_fn(vk_cmd_end_rendering, "vkCmdEndRendering");
-}
-
-auto Instance::enumerate_gpus() const -> std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>
-{
-	auto count = 0u;
-	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(m_instance, &count, nullptr));
-	ensure(count != 0u, "Failed to find any gpus with Vulkan support");
-
-	auto gpus = std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>(count);
-	vkc(vk_enumerate_physical_devices(m_instance, &count, gpus.data()));
-	return gpus;
-}
-
-auto Instance::create_xlib_surface(VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR info) const -> VkSurfaceKHR
-{
-	auto *value = VkSurfaceKHR {};
-	vk_create_xlib_surface_khr(m_instance, &info, m_allocator, &value);
-
-	return value;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Instance::create_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT info) const
-    -> VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT
-{
-	auto *messenger = VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT {};
-	vkc(vk_create_debug_messenger(m_instance, &info, m_allocator, &messenger));
-	return messenger;
-}
-
-void Instance::destroy_surface(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
-{
-	vk_destroy_surface_khr(m_instance, surface, m_allocator);
-}
-
-void Instance::destroy_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger) const
-{
-	vk_destroy_debug_messenger(m_instance, messenger, m_allocator);
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp
@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/instance.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-/**
- * Responsible for dynamically loading Vulkan library/functions.
- *
- * @note: The delayed vkInstance destruction is due to a work-around for a libx11 quirk:
- * @ref:
- * https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/commit/0017308648b6bf8eef10ef0ffb9470576c0c2e9e
- * https://www.xfree86.org/4.7.0/DRI11.html
- * https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/issues/1894
- */
-class Instance: public IInstance
-{
-public:
-	static auto get() -> IInstance *
-	{
-		return &Instance::instance();
-	}
-
-	static auto load_device_functions(VkDevice device)
-	{
-		static_cast<Instance &>(instance()).load_device_functions_impl(device);
-	}
-
-	~Instance() override;
-
-	Instance(Instance &&) = delete;
-
-	Instance(const Instance &) = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(const Instance &) -> Instance & = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(Instance &&) -> Instance & = delete;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkInstance
-	{
-		return m_instance;
-	}
-
-	/* create functions */
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_xlib_surface(VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR info) const -> VkSurfaceKHR;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT info) const
-	    -> VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
-
-	/* destroy functions */
-	void destroy_surface(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const;
-
-	void destroy_messenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger) const;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto enumerate_gpus() const -> std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>;
-
-private:
-	static auto instance() -> IInstance &
-	{
-		static auto instance = Instance {};
-		return instance;
-	}
-
-	Instance();
-
-	void initialize_instance();
-
-	void load_library();
-
-	void unload_library();
-
-	void load_global_functions();
-
-	void load_instance_functions();
-
-	void load_device_functions_impl(VkDevice device);
-	VkInstance m_instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	VkAllocationCallbacks *m_allocator = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/surface.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/surface.cpp
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/surface.hpp>
-#include <surface/components.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-Surface::Surface(IInstance *instance, const ecs::Entity &surface_entity)
-    : m_surface_entity(surface_entity)
-    , m_instance(static_cast<Instance *>(instance))
-{
-	const auto &component = surface_entity.get<surface::SurfaceComponent>();
-
-	ensure(component.get_native_data().display, "Failed to initialize vk::Surface: null x-display");
-	ensure(component.get_native_data().window, "Failed to initialize vk::Surface: null x-window");
-
-	m_surface = m_instance->create_xlib_surface(
-	    VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR {
-	        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XLIB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
-	        .dpy = component.get_native_data().display,
-	        .window = component.get_native_data().window,
-	    }
-	);
-}
-
-Surface::~Surface()
-{
-	if (!m_instance)
-	{
-		return;
-	}
-
-	m_instance->destroy_surface(m_surface);
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] auto Surface::get_framebuffer_size() const -> math::uvec2
-{
-	return m_surface_entity.get<surface::SurfaceComponent>().get_resolution();
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/surface.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/surface.hpp
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ecs/entity.hpp>
-#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Instance;
-
-class Surface: public ISurface
-{
-public:
-	Surface(IInstance *instance, const ecs::Entity &surface_entity);
-
-	~Surface() override;
-
-	Surface(Surface &&) = default;
-
-	Surface(const Surface &) = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(Surface &&) -> Surface & = default;
-
-	auto operator=(const Surface &) const -> Surface & = delete;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkSurfaceKHR
-	{
-		return m_surface;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_framebuffer_size() const -> math::uvec2 override;
-
-private:
-	class Instance *m_instance {};
-
-	VkSurfaceKHR m_surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	ecs::Entity m_surface_entity;
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/swapchain.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/context/swapchain.hpp
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/utils.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Swapchain: public ISwapchain
-{
-public:
-	Swapchain(ISurface *surface, IGpu *gpu, IDevice *device);
-	~Swapchain() override;
-
-	Swapchain(Swapchain &&) = default;
-
-	Swapchain(const Swapchain &) = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(Swapchain &&) -> Swapchain & = default;
-
-	auto operator=(const Swapchain &) const -> Swapchain & = delete;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk() const -> VkSwapchainKHR
-	{
-		return m_swapchain;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk_ptr() -> VkSwapchainKHR *
-	{
-		return &m_swapchain;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_resolution() const -> VkExtent2D
-	{
-		return m_resolution;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_format() const -> VkFormat
-	{
-		return m_format;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image_count() const -> size_t
-	{
-		return m_images.size();
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image_view(uint32_t idx) -> VkImageView
-	{
-		return m_image_views[idx];
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_image(uint32_t idx) -> VkImage
-	{
-		return m_images[idx];
-	}
-
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto create_framebuffers_for_pass(VkRenderPass pass) const
-	    -> std::vector<VkFramebuffer>;
-
-private:
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_optimal_image_count(
-	    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities,
-	    uint32_t desired_image_count
-	) const -> uint32_t;
-
-	memory::NullOnMove<class Surface *> m_surface {};
-
-	class Gpu *m_gpu {};
-
-	class Device *m_device {};
-
-	VkSwapchainKHR m_swapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-	std::vector<VkImage> m_images;
-
-	std::vector<VkImageView> m_image_views;
-
-	VkExtent2D m_resolution {};
-
-	VkFormat m_format {};
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/buffer.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/data/buffer.hpp
@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/raii/raii.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/data/buffer.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Buffer: public IBuffer
-{
-public:
-	Buffer(class IDevice *device, class IGpu *gpu, const CreateInfo &info);
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto map() -> std::span<std::byte> override;
-
-	void unmap() override;
-
-	// TODO(Light): this is to make copying possible.
-	// But it should be removed in the future,
-	// Right now it's not possible because: buffers can't understand CommandBuffers.
-	// And I'm not sure how to properly abstract over command buffers,
-	// before using other APIs...
-	[[nodiscard]] auto vk()
-	{
-		return *m_buffer;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_size() const -> size_t override
-	{
-		return m_size;
-	}
-
-private:
-	[[nodiscard]] auto determine_allocation_info(Usage usage) const -> VkMemoryAllocateInfo;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto to_native_usage_flags(Usage usage) const -> VkBufferUsageFlags;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto to_native_memory_properties(Usage usage) const -> VkMemoryPropertyFlags;
-
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto has_correct_memory_type_bit(uint32_t type_bits, uint32_t type_idx) const
-	    -> bool;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto has_required_memory_properties(
-	    uint32_t required_properties,
-	    uint32_t property_flags
-	) const -> bool;
-
-	Device *m_device {};
-
-	Gpu *m_gpu {};
-
-	raii::Buffer m_buffer;
-
-	raii::Memory m_memory;
-
-	// TODO(Light): should this reflect the allocation size instead?
-	size_t m_size {};
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/messenger.hpp
@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <any>
-#include <memory/pointer_types/null_on_move.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/raii/raii.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-#include <renderer/components/messenger.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/messenger.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-class Messenger: public IMessenger
-{
-public:
-	Messenger(IInstance *instance, CreateInfo info);
-
-private:
-	static auto native_callback(
-	    VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity,
-	    VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
-	    const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *callback_data,
-	    void *vulkan_user_data
-	) -> VkBool32;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto to_native_severity(MessageSeverity severity)
-	    -> VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto from_native_severity(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severity)
-	    -> MessageSeverity;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto to_native_type(MessageType type) -> VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] static auto from_native_type(VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type) -> MessageType;
-
-	class Instance *m_instance {};
-
-	raii::DebugMessenger m_debug_messenger;
-
-	MessageSeverity m_severities {};
-
-	MessageType m_types {};
-
-	Callback_T m_user_callback;
-
-	std::any m_user_data;
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/utils.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/utils.hpp
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-inline void vkc(VkResult result)
-{
-	if (result)
-	{
-		throw std::runtime_error {
-			std::format("Vulkan call failed with result: {}", std::to_underlying(result))
-		};
-	}
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/backend/vk/vulkan.hpp
@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
-#define VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR
-#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
-#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
-
-namespace lt::renderer::vk {
-
-// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vk_get_physical_device_properties;
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vk_get_physical_device_queue_family_properties;
-extern PFN_vkCreateDevice vk_create_device;
-extern PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr vk_get_device_proc_address;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyDevice vk_destroy_device;
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 vk_get_physical_device_features;
-extern PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties vk_enumerate_device_extension_properties;
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vk_get_physical_device_memory_properties;
-
-// extension instance functions
-extern PFN_vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_begin_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_end_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_cmd_insert_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_create_debug_messenger;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vk_destroy_debug_messenger;
-extern PFN_vkQueueBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_begin_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkQueueEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_end_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkQueueInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT vk_queue_insert_debug_label;
-extern PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT vk_set_debug_object_name;
-extern PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT vk_set_debug_object_tag;
-extern PFN_vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT vk_submit_debug_message;
-
-// surface instance functions
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_support;
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_capabilities;
-extern PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vk_get_physical_device_surface_formats;
-
-// device functions
-extern PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue vk_get_device_queue;
-extern PFN_vkCreateCommandPool vk_create_command_pool;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool vk_destroy_command_pool;
-extern PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers vk_allocate_command_buffers;
-extern PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers vk_free_command_buffers;
-extern PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer vk_begin_command_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer vk_end_command_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier vk_cmd_pipeline_barrier;
-extern PFN_vkQueueSubmit vk_queue_submit;
-extern PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle vk_queue_wait_idle;
-extern PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vk_device_wait_idle;
-extern PFN_vkCreateFence vk_create_fence;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyFence vk_destroy_fence;
-extern PFN_vkWaitForFences vk_wait_for_fences;
-extern PFN_vkResetFences vk_reset_fences;
-extern PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vk_create_semaphore;
-extern PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vk_destroy_semaphore;
-extern PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR vk_create_swapchain_khr;
-extern PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR vk_destroy_swapchain_khr;
-extern PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vk_get_swapchain_images_khr;
-extern PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR vk_acquire_next_image_khr;
-extern PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR vk_queue_present_khr;
-extern PFN_vkCreateImageView vk_create_image_view;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyImageView vk_destroy_image_view;
-extern PFN_vkCreateRenderPass vk_create_render_pass;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass vk_destroy_render_pass;
-extern PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer vk_create_frame_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer vk_destroy_frame_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkCreateShaderModule vk_create_shader_module;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule vk_destroy_shader_module;
-extern PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout vk_create_pipeline_layout;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout vk_destroy_pipeline_layout;
-extern PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines vk_create_graphics_pipelines;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyPipeline vk_destroy_pipeline;
-extern PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass vk_cmd_begin_render_pass;
-extern PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass vk_cmd_end_render_pass;
-extern PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline vk_cmd_bind_pipeline;
-extern PFN_vkCmdDraw vk_cmd_draw;
-extern PFN_vkCmdSetViewport vk_cmd_set_viewport;
-extern PFN_vkCmdSetScissor vk_cmd_set_scissors;
-extern PFN_vkCmdPushConstants vk_cmd_push_constants;
-extern PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer vk_cmd_copy_buffer;
-
-extern PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout vk_create_descriptor_set_layout;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout vk_destroy_descriptor_set_layout;
-extern PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool vk_create_descriptor_pool;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool vk_destroy_descriptor_pool;
-extern PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets vk_allocate_descriptor_sets;
-extern PFN_vkFreeDescriptorSets vk_free_descriptor_sets;
-
-extern PFN_vkCreateBuffer vk_create_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkDestroyBuffer vk_destroy_buffer;
-extern PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vk_get_buffer_memory_requirements;
-extern PFN_vkAllocateMemory vk_allocate_memory;
-extern PFN_vkBindBufferMemory vk_bind_buffer_memory;
-extern PFN_vkMapMemory vk_map_memory;
-extern PFN_vkUnmapMemory vk_unmap_memory;
-extern PFN_vkFreeMemory vk_free_memory;
-
-extern PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer vk_reset_command_buffer;
-
-extern PFN_vkCmdBeginRendering vk_cmd_begin_rendering;
-extern PFN_vkCmdEndRendering vk_cmd_end_rendering;
-// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer::vk
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/device.cpp
@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/device.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto IDevice::create(Api target_api, IGpu *gpu, ISurface *surface)
-    -> memory::Scope<IDevice>
-{
-	ensure(gpu, "Failed to create renderer::IDevice: null gpu");
-	ensure(surface, "Failed to create renderer::IDevice: null surface");
-
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Device>(gpu, surface);
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/gpu.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/gpu.cpp
@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto IGpu::create(Api target_api, IInstance *instance)
-    -> memory::Scope<IGpu>
-{
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Gpu>(instance);
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.cpp
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/instance.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto IInstance::get(Api target_api) -> IInstance *
-{
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return vk::Instance::get();
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/instance.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/surface.cpp
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/surface.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto ISurface::create(
-    Api target_api,
-    IInstance *instance,
-    const ecs::Entity &surface_entity
-) -> memory::Scope<ISurface>
-{
-	ensure(instance, "Failed to create renderer::ISurface: null instance");
-
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Surface>(instance, surface_entity);
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.cpp
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/context/swapchain.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto ISwapchain::create(
-    Api target_api,
-    ISurface *surface,
-    IGpu *gpu,
-    IDevice *device
-) -> memory::Scope<ISwapchain>
-{
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Swapchain>(surface, gpu, device);
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/context/swapchain.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/messenger.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/messenger.cpp
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/backend/vk/messenger.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/messenger.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-[[nodiscard]] /* static */ auto IMessenger::create(
-    Api target_api,
-    IInstance *instance,
-    CreateInfo info
-) -> memory::Scope<IMessenger>
-{
-	ensure(
-	    info.severities != MessageSeverity::none,
-	    "Failed to create vk::Messenger: severities == none"
-	);
-
-	ensure(info.types != MessageType::none, "Failed to create vk::Messenger: types == none");
-
-	ensure(info.callback, "Failed to create vk::Messenger: null callback");
-
-	switch (target_api)
-	{
-	case Api::vulkan: return memory::create_scope<vk::Messenger>(instance, std::move(info));
-	case Api::none:
-	case Api::metal:
-	case Api::direct_x: throw std::runtime_error { "Invalid API" };
-	}
-}
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/frontend/messenger.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/frontend/messenger.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/test/constants.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/test/constants.hpp
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace constants {
-
-};
--- a/modules/renderer/private/test/formatters.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/test/formatters.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/test/utils.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/test/utils.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/public/api.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/api.hpp
@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-enum class Api : uint8_t
-{
-	none = 0,
-
-	vulkan,
-	direct_x,
-	metal,
-};
-
-}
--- a/modules/renderer/public/components/messenger.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/components/messenger.hpp
--- a/modules/renderer/public/components/skybox.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/components/skybox.hpp
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/public/system.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/public/system.hpp
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <app/system.hpp>
-#include <ecs/entity.hpp>
-#include <ecs/registry.hpp>
-#include <memory/reference.hpp>
-#include <memory/scope.hpp>
-#include <renderer/api.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/messenger.hpp>
-
-namespace lt::renderer {
-
-/** The main rendering engine.
- *
- * Responsible for:
- * - Creating a rendering backend context (vk/dx/mt)
- * - Connecting the context to the physical devices (select gpu, create surface, logical device)
- * - Rendering the scene represented in registry via lt::renderer::components.
- *
- * @todo(Light): Add DirectX12 support
- * @todo(Light): Add Metal support
- */
-class System: public app::ISystem
-{
-public:
-	/** config.max_frames_in_flight should not be higher than this value. */
-	static constexpr auto frames_in_flight_upper_limit = 5u;
-
-	/** config.max_frames_in_flight should not be lower than this value. */
-	static constexpr auto frames_in_flight_lower_limit = 1u;
-
-	struct Configuration
-	{
-		Api target_api;
-
-		uint32_t max_frames_in_flight;
-	};
-
-	struct CreateInfo
-	{
-		Configuration config;
-
-		memory::Ref<ecs::Registry> registry;
-
-		ecs::Entity surface_entity;
-
-		IMessenger::CreateInfo debug_callback_info;
-	};
-
-	System(CreateInfo info);
-
-	~System() override;
-
-	System(System &&) = default;
-
-	System(const System &) = delete;
-
-	auto operator=(System &&) -> System & = default;
-
-	auto operator=(const System &) -> System & = delete;
-
-	void on_register() override;
-
-	void on_unregister() override;
-
-	void tick(app::TickInfo tick) override;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] auto get_last_tick_result() const -> const app::TickResult & override
-	{
-		return m_last_tick_result;
-	}
-
-private:
-	void handle_surface_resized_events();
-
-	void submit_scene();
-
-	void recreate_swapchain();
-
-	Api m_api;
-
-	memory::Ref<ecs::Registry> m_registry;
-
-	ecs::Entity m_surface_entity;
-
-	memory::Scope<class IMessenger> m_messenger;
-
-	class IInstance *m_instance;
-
-	memory::Scope<class ISurface> m_surface;
-
-	memory::Scope<class IGpu> m_gpu;
-
-	memory::Scope<class IDevice> m_device;
-
-	memory::Scope<class ISwapchain> m_swapchain;
-
-	memory::Scope<class IRenderer> m_renderer;
-
-	app::TickResult m_last_tick_result {};
-
-	uint32_t m_frame_idx {};
-
-	uint32_t m_max_frames_in_flight {};
-};
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/system.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/system.cpp
@ -1,3 +1,114 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <app/system.hpp>
+#include <ecs/entity.hpp>
+#include <ecs/registry.hpp>
+#include <memory/reference.hpp>
+#include <memory/scope.hpp>
+#include <renderer/api.hpp>
+#include <renderer/frontend/messenger.hpp>
+
+namespace lt::renderer {
+
+/** The main rendering engine.
+ *
+ * Responsible for:
+ * - Creating a rendering backend context (vk/dx/mt)
+ * - Connecting the context to the physical devices (select gpu, create surface, logical device)
+ * - Rendering the scene represented in registry via lt::renderer::components.
+ *
+ * @todo(Light): Add DirectX12 support
+ * @todo(Light): Add Metal support
+ */
+class System: public app::ISystem
+{
+public:
+	/** config.max_frames_in_flight should not be higher than this value. */
+	static constexpr auto frames_in_flight_upper_limit = 5u;
+
+	/** config.max_frames_in_flight should not be lower than this value. */
+	static constexpr auto frames_in_flight_lower_limit = 1u;
+
+	struct Configuration
+	{
+		Api target_api;
+
+		uint32_t max_frames_in_flight;
+	};
+
+	struct CreateInfo
+	{
+		Configuration config;
+
+		memory::Ref<ecs::Registry> registry;
+
+		ecs::Entity surface_entity;
+
+		IMessenger::CreateInfo debug_callback_info;
+	};
+
+	System(CreateInfo info);
+
+	~System() override;
+
+	System(System &&) = default;
+
+	System(const System &) = delete;
+
+	auto operator=(System &&) -> System & = default;
+
+	auto operator=(const System &) -> System & = delete;
+
+	void on_register() override;
+
+	void on_unregister() override;
+
+	void tick(app::TickInfo tick) override;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] auto get_last_tick_result() const -> const app::TickResult & override
+	{
+		return m_last_tick_result;
+	}
+
+private:
+	void handle_surface_resized_events();
+
+	void submit_scene();
+
+	void recreate_swapchain();
+
+	Api m_api;
+
+	memory::Ref<ecs::Registry> m_registry;
+
+	ecs::Entity m_surface_entity;
+
+	memory::Scope<class IMessenger> m_messenger;
+
+	class IInstance *m_instance;
+
+	memory::Scope<class ISurface> m_surface;
+
+	memory::Scope<class IGpu> m_gpu;
+
+	memory::Scope<class IDevice> m_device;
+
+	memory::Scope<class ISwapchain> m_swapchain;
+
+	memory::Scope<class IRenderer> m_renderer;
+
+	app::TickResult m_last_tick_result {};
+
+	uint32_t m_frame_idx {};
+
+	uint32_t m_max_frames_in_flight {};
+};
+
+} // namespace lt::renderer
+
+module :private;
+using namespace lt::renderer;
+
 #include <camera/components.hpp>
 #include <math/algebra.hpp>
 #include <math/components/transform.hpp>
@ -14,8 +125,6 @@
 #include <renderer/system.hpp>
 #include <surface/components.hpp>

-namespace lt::renderer {
-
 System::System(CreateInfo info)
    : m_surface_entity(info.surface_entity)
    , m_api(info.config.target_api)
@ -124,5 +233,3 @@ void System::recreate_swapchain()
 	m_swapchain = ISwapchain::create(m_api, m_surface.get(), m_gpu.get(), m_device.get());
 	m_renderer->replace_swapchain(m_swapchain.get());
 }
-
-} // namespace lt::renderer
--- a/modules/renderer/private/system.test.cpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/system.test.cpp
--- a/modules/renderer/private/test/utils.hpp
+++ b/modules/renderer/private/test/utils.hpp
@ -1,29 +1,22 @@
-#pragma once
+export module renderer.test_utils;

-#include <logger/logger.hpp>
-#include <memory/reference.hpp>
-#include <renderer/components/messenger.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/device.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/gpu.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/instance.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/surface.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/context/swapchain.hpp>
-#include <renderer/frontend/messenger.hpp>
-#include <renderer/system.hpp>
-#include <surface/components.hpp>
-#include <surface/system.hpp>
-#include <test/test.hpp>
+export import logger;
+export import surface.system;
+export import test.test;
+export import test.expects;
+export import memory.reference;
+export import renderer.frontend;

-using ::lt::test::Case;
-using ::lt::test::expect_eq;
-using ::lt::test::expect_false;
-using ::lt::test::expect_not_nullptr;
-using ::lt::test::expect_throw;
-using ::lt::test::expect_true;
-using ::lt::test::Suite;
-using ::std::ignore;
+export using ::lt::test::Case;
+export using ::lt::test::expect_eq;
+export using ::lt::test::expect_false;
+export using ::lt::test::expect_not_nullptr;
+export using ::lt::test::expect_throw;
+export using ::lt::test::expect_true;
+export using ::lt::test::Suite;
+export using ::std::ignore;

-namespace constants {
+export namespace constants {

 constexpr auto api = lt::renderer::Api::vulkan;
 constexpr auto resolution = lt::math::uvec2 { 800u, 600u };
@ -32,7 +25,7 @@ constexpr auto frames_in_flight = uint32_t { 3u };
 } // namespace constants


-inline void noop_messenger_callback(
+void noop_messenger_callback(
    lt::renderer::IMessenger::MessageSeverity severity,
    lt::renderer::IMessenger::MessageType type,
    const lt::renderer::IMessenger::MessageData &data,
@ -41,7 +34,7 @@ inline void noop_messenger_callback(
 {
 }

-class Fixture_SurfaceSystem
+export class Fixture_SurfaceSystem
 {
 public:
 	Fixture_SurfaceSystem()
@ -96,7 +89,7 @@ private:
 	lt::surface::System m_system = lt::surface::System(m_registry);
 };

-class Fixture_SurfaceGpu: public Fixture_SurfaceSystem
+export class Fixture_SurfaceGpu: public Fixture_SurfaceSystem
 {
 public:
 	Fixture_SurfaceGpu() = default;
@ -123,7 +116,7 @@ private:
 	};
 };

-class FixtureDeviceSwapchain: public Fixture_SurfaceGpu
+export class FixtureDeviceSwapchain: public Fixture_SurfaceGpu
 {
 public:
 	FixtureDeviceSwapchain() = default;
@ -209,7 +202,7 @@ private:
 	};
 };

-class Fixture_RendererSystem: public Fixture_SurfaceSystem
+export class Fixture_RendererSystem: public Fixture_SurfaceSystem
 {
 public:
 	Fixture_RendererSystem() = default;